Physiology of behavior
Print Book, English, ©2010
10th ed View all formats and editions
Allyn and Bacon, Boston, Mass., ©2010
xxii, 730 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), portrait ; 28 cm + 1 Internet access card
9781408227992, 9780205683086, 9780205637935, 1408227991, 0205683088, 0205637930
854960989
Brief Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System 28 Chapter 3 Structure of the Nervous System 68Chapter 4 Psychopharmacology 102Chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research 134Chapter 6 Vision 169Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Sense 212Chapter 8 Control of Movement 262Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms 295Chapter 10 Reproductive Behavior 329Chapter 11 Emotion 366Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior 400Chapter 13 Learning and Memory 439Chapter 14 Human Communication 485Chapter 15 Neurological Disorders 520Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders 554Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders 585Chapter 18 Drug Abuse 613 Detailed Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1UNDERSTANDING HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHBlindsight 4Split Brains 4Unilateral Neglect 7Interim Summary 9THE NATURE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 9The Goals of Research 10Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology 10Interim Summary 14NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION 14Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits 14Evolution of the Human Species 17Evolution of Large Brains 20Interim Summary 22ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS 23CAREERS IN NEUROSCIENCE 24Interim Summary 25STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING 26SUGGESTED READINGS 27ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 27 Chapter 2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System 28 CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 30Neurons 30Supporting Cells 36The Blood-Brain Barrier 40Interim Summary 41COMMUNICATION WITHIN A NEURON 42Neural Communication: An Overview 42Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons 43The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces 45The Action Potential 47Conduction of the Action Potential 49Interim Summary 52COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS 53Structure of Synapses 53Release of Neurotransmitter 55Activation of Receptors 57Postsynaptic Potentials 59Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials 60Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration 62Autoreceptors 62Other Types of Synapses 63Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication 64Interim Summary 66SUGGESTED READINGS 67ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 67 Chapter 3 Structure of the Nervous System 68BASIC FEATURES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 69An Overview 72Meninges 72The Ventricular System and Production of CSF 73Interim Summary 76THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 76Development of the Central Nervous System 77The Forebrain 82The Midbrain 91The Hindbrain 93The Spinal Cord 94Interim Summary 95THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 96Spinal Nerves 96Cranial Nerves 97The Autonomic Nervous System 97Interim Summary 101SUGGESTED READINGS 101ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 101 Chapter 4 Psychopharmacology 102PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 104Pharmacokinetics 104Drug Effectiveness 107Effects of Repeated Administration 108Placebo Effects 109Interim Summary 110SITES OF DRUG ACTION 110Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters 111Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters 111Effects on Receptors 112Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters 113Interim Summary 114NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS 114Acetylcholine 115The Monamines 118Amino Acids 124Peptides 127Lipids 128Nucleosides 130Soluble Gases 130Interim Summary 131SUGGESTED READINGS 133ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 133 Chapter 5 Methods and Strategies of Research 134EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION 136Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage 136Producing Brain Lesions 136Stereotaxic Surgery138Histological Methods 139Tracing Neural Connections 143Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain 146Interim Summary 149RECORDING AND STIMULATING NEURAL ACTIVITY 151Recording Neural Activity 151Recording the Brain’s Metabolic Activity 153Stimulating Neural Activity 155Interim Summary 159NEUROCHEMICAL METHODS 160Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals 160Localizing Particular Receptors 162Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain 163Interim Summary 164GENETIC METHODS 165Twin Studies 166Adoption Studies 166Targeted Mutations 166Antisense Oligonucleotides 167Interim Summary 167SUGGESTED READINGS 167ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 168 Chapter 6 Vision 169THE STIMULUS 171ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM 172The Eyes 172Photoreceptors 174Connections Between Eye and Brain 176Interim Summary 178CODING OF VISUAL INFORMATION IN THE RETINA 179Coding of Light and Dark 179Coding of Color 181Interim Summary 185ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE STRIATE CORTEX 186Anatomy of the Striate Cortex 186Orientation and Movement 186Spatial Frequency 187Retinal Disparity 189Color 189Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex 190Interim Summary 191ANALYSIS OF VISUAL INFORMATION: ROLE OF THE VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX 192Two Streams of Visual Analysis 192Perception of Color 195Perception of Form 196Perception of Movement 202Perception of Spatial Location 206Interim Summary 209SUGGESTED READINGS 211ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 211 Chapter 7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Sense 212AUDIITON 212The Stimulus 212 Anatomy of the Ear 214Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information 216The Auditory Pathway 218Perception of Pitch 221Perception of Loudness 224Perception of Timbre 224Perception of Spatial Location 225Perception of Complex Sounds 229Interim Summary 233VESTIBULAR SYSTEM 234 Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus 234The Receptor Cells 235The Vestibular Pathway 235Interim Summary 237SOMATOSENSES 237The Stimuli 237Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs 238Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation 238The Somatosensory Pathways 242Perception of Pain 243Interim Summary 248GUSTATION 250The Stimuli 250Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells 250Perception of Gustatory Information 251The Gustatory Pathway 253Interim Summary 254OLFACTION 255The Stimulus 255Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus 255Transduction of Olfactory Information 257Perception of Specific Odors 257Interim Summary 260SUGGESTED READINGS 260ADDITIONAL RESOURC ES 261 Chapter 8 Control of Movement 262MUSCLES 263 Skeletal Muscle 263Smooth Muscle 266Cardiac Muscle 267Interim Summary 267REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT 268 The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex 268The Gamma Motor System 270Polysynaptic Reflexes 270Interim Summary 272CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN 272 Organization of the Motor Cortex 273Cortical Control of Movement: The Descending Pathways 274Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex 277Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System 280Control of Reaching and Grasping 283Deficits of Skilled Movements: The Apraxias 284The Basal Ganglia 285The Cerebellum 289The Reticular Formation 292Interim Summary 293SUGGESTED READINGS 294ADDITONAL RESOURCES 294 Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms 295A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DESCRIPTION OF SLEEP 295 Stages of Sleep 295Mental Activity During Sleep 300Interim Summary 301DISORDERS OF SLEEP 301 Insomnia 301Narcolepsy 302REM Sleep Behavior Disorder 304Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep 304Interim Summary 305WHY DO WE SLEEP? 306 Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep 306Functions of REM Sleep 308Sleep and Learning 309Interim Summary 310PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP AND WAKING 311 Chemical Control of Sleep 311Neural Control of Arousal 312Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep 314Neural Control of REM Sleep 317Interim Summary 320BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS 321 Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers 321The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus 322Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin 326Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag 327Interim Summary 328SUGGESTED READINGS 328SUGGESTED READINGS 328 Chapter 10 Reproductive Behavior 329SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT 330 Production of Gametes and Fertilization 330Development of the Sex Organs 331Sexual Maturation 334Interim Summary 336HORMONAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 337 Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles 338Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals 338Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization 340Effects of Pheromones 341 Human Sexual Behavior 344Sexual Orientation 346 Interim Summary 352NEURAL CONTROL OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 353 Males 353Females 355Formation of Pair Bonds 358Interim Summary 359PARENTAL BEHAVIOR 360 Maternal Behavior of Rodents 360Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior 361Neural Control of Maternal Behavior 362Neural Control of Paternal Behavior 364Interim Summary 364SUGGESTED READINGS 365ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 365 Chapter 11 Emotion 366EMOTIONS AS RESPONSE PATTERNS 367Fear 368Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control 372Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior 380Interim Summary 384COMMUNICATION OF EMOTIONS 385Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses 385Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition 386Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression 391Interim Summary 395FEELINGS OF EMOTIONS 396 The James-Lange Theory 396Feedback from Simulated Emotions 397Interim Summary 399SUGGESTED READINGS 399 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 399 Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior 400PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS 401 DRINKING 402Some Facts About Fluid Balance 403Two Types of Thirst 404Neural Mechanisms of Thirst 407Interim Summary 408EATING: SOME FACTS ABOUT METABOLISM 409Interim Summary 412WHAT STARTS A MEAL? 412 Signals from the Environment 412Signals from the Stomach 413Metabolic Signals 414Interim Summary 415WHAT STOPS A MEAL? 416 Head Factors 416Gastric Factors 416Intestinal Factors 416Liver Factors 417Insulin 418Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue 418Interim Summary 419BRAIN MECHANISMS 420 Brain Stem 420Hypothalamus 420Interim Summary 426OBESITY 427 Possible Causes 427Treatment 430Interim Summary 433ANOREXIA NERVOSA/BULIMIA NERVOSA 434 Possible Causes 435Treatment 436Interim Summary 437SUGGESTED READINGS 438ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 438 Chapter 13 Learning and Memory 439THE NATURE OF LEARNING 440Interim Summary 443SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY: LONG-TERM POTENTIATION AND LONG-TERM DEPRESSION 444 Induction of Long-Term Potentiation 444Role of NMDA Receptors 446Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity 448Long-Term Depression 452Other Forms of Long-Term Potentiation 453Interim Summary 454PERCEPTUAL LEARNING 454 Learning to Recognize Stimuli 454Perceptual Short-Term Memory 456Interim Summary 457CLASSICAL CONDITIONING 458 Interim Summary 459INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING 460 Basal Ganglia 460Reinforcement 461Interim Summary 465RELATIONAL LEARNING 465 Human Anterograde Amnesia 465Spared Learning Abilities 467Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories 468Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia 469Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Consolidation of Declarative Memories 471Episodic and Semantic Memories 475Spatial Memory 476Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals 477Interim Summary 483SUGGESTED READINGS 484ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 484 Chapter 14 Human Communication 485SPEECH PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION: BRAIN MECHANISMS 486 Lateralization 486Speech Production 487Speech Comprehension 491Aphasia in Deaf People 501Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech 502Stuttering 504Interim Summary 505DISORDERS OF READING AND WRITING 507 Relation to Aphasia 507Pure Alexia 507Toward an Understanding of Reading 508Toward an Understanding of Writing 515Developmental Dyslexias 517Interim Summary 518SUGGESTED READINGS 519ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 519 Chapter 15 Neurological Disorders 520TUMORS 521 SEIZURE DISORDERS 523 CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS 527 Interim Summary 531DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT 532 Toxic Chemicals 532Inherited Metabolic Disorders 533Down Syndrome 534Interim Summary 534DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 535 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 535Parkinson’s Disease 537Huntington’s Disease 541Alzheimer’s Disease 543Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 548Multiple Sclerosis 549Korsakoff’s Syndrome 550Interim Summary 551DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASES 552 Interim Summary 553SUGGESTED READINGS 553ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 553 Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders 554SCHIZOPHRENIA 556Description 556Heritability 557Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis 558Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder 560 Interim Summary 50MAJOR AFFECTIVE DISORDERS 572Description 572Heritability 573Biological Treatments 573The Monoamine Hypothesis 576The Amygdala and the Prefrontal Cortex: Role of the 5-HT Transporter 577Role of Neurogensis 580Role of Circadian Rhythms 581Interim Summary 583SUGGESTED READINGS 584ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 584 Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders 585ANXIETY DISORDERS 587Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Social Anxiety Disorder 587Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 589Interim Summary 593AUTISTIC DISORDER 593Description 593Possible Causes 594Interim Summary 597ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER 598Description 598Possible Causes 598Interim Summary 601STRESS DISORDERS 601 Physiology of the Stress Response 601Health Effects of Long-Term Stress 603Effects of Stress on the Brain 604Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 606Psychoneuroimmunology 608Interim Summary 611 SUGGESTED READINGS 612ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 612 Chapter 18 Drug Abuse 613COMMON FEATURES OF ADDICTION A Little BackgroundPositive ReinforcementNegative ReinforcementCraving and RelapseInterim SummaryCOMMONLY ABUSED DRUGSOpiatesStimulant Drugs: Cocaine and AmphetamineNicotineAlcoholCannabisInterim SummaryHEREDITY AND DRUG ABUSE Interim SummaryTHERAPY FOR DRUG ABUSE Interim SummarySUGGESTED READINGSADDITIONAL RESOURCES REFERENCES 641NAME INDEXSUBJECT INDEX