engravings; and this circumstance, together with the important one of all the specific names being literally translated, will, by giving the meaning of almost all the terms used in botanical description, in a great measure supersede the necessity of a grammar of botany to the young gardener. The literal translation of the specific names may be considered as, to a certain extent, teaching him the Latin language, and the etymologies of the generic names will give him the meaning of a number of Greek words. The species of every genus, where numerous, are subdivided into sections and subsections, which are shortly defined by specific characters; and so copious are the descriptive particulars after each species, that we will venture to assert that the genus to which any plant belongs being known, the specific name, in a majority of cases, may be discovered by this Catalogue without the aid of a Spècies Plantarum.

In the popular descriptions of the Natural Orders, the medicinal properties and economical uses are slightly noticed; and the soil, propagation, and general treatment of the different groups indicated; so that this part of the work, in our opinion the most valuable collection of botanical facts that has ever been brought into so small a space, may be considered an epitome of the history, uses, and culture of the whole vegetable kingdom. Whoever has a sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge of plants and of vegetable culture to generalise on these subjects, will find in this Natural Arrangement the rudiments of every thing that can be said or written on botany, gardening, and agriculture.

Enumerations of those species which are adapted for culture in the open air in Britain, or in corresponding climates, with an estimate of the quantity of ground which each order or tribe would occupy, are given in the Natural Arrangement, with a view to the formation of arboretums or botanic flower-gardens; but, for an explanation of this improvement, and of its value to the practical gardener, we must refer to p. xxiii. The same proportionate enumerations will prove useful in contriving the size of the different drawers, divisions, boxes, volumes, or pages, required for preserving a hortus siccus, or collections of drawings, of engravings, of seeds, or of specimens of woods.

No further explanation appearing necessary in this Preface, it remains for the Editor to state that the Linnæan Arrangement is entirely the work of Mr. GEORGE DON; the Natural Arrangement is founded on that of Professor LINDLEY, with some additions and alterations rendered necessary by the plan of this Catalogue; and Dr. GREVILLE, the profound cryptogamist, assisted in arranging the Cryptogàmia. Those who are acquainted with the present state of botany, and with the botanists of this country, will allow that three gentlemen better adapted for cooperating in producing a Catalogue like that now submitted to the public are not to be found. All that the Editor claims for himself is the plan of the work, which he certainly considers much superior to anything that has preceded it. The literal translation of the specific names, the derivations of the generic names, the indications of derivations, and, above all, the general descriptions of the Natural Orders, will, he confidently expects, be found not only of great value in determining the names of plants, and in recognising them at sight, both individually and in masses; but in assisting the botanical student and practical gardener to acquire some knowledge of their structure, physiology, analogies, affinities, properties, uses, and culture.

Bayswater, May, 1830.

J. C. L.

After the appearance of the first edition of the Hortus Britannicus in 1830, additional Supplements were published from time to time, as the introduction of new plants rendered lists of them necessary; but as these Supplements were separate from each other, it was found that they were very troublesome to refer to, and it was at last thought best to amalgamate them into one, which has been done in the present edition, adding all the new plants which have been introduced since the publication of the last Supplement, up to March in the present year. It has also been thought advisable to transpose the Natural Arrangement to the beginning of the work; as if it had been left in its former position, it would have occurred almost in the middle of the volume, from the great additions required to the Supplement in order to include all the newly introduced plants. This portion of the work in the present edition is paged in Roman numerals, to avoid repaging the whole of the Linnæan Arrangement, but it is referred to in the Index by means of Arabic figures, on account of the confined space. The whole work has also been carefully revised, and fresh references to engravings of plants have been added; so as to make the work as perfect as possible.

J. W. L.

Bayswater, June 18. 1850.

- Ixxvi Hepática

Ixxvi

ixxvi

- lxxvi

APHY 'LLE.

- lxxvi

A'lgæ

Lichènes

Fúngi

- lxxvi

- lxxvii

- lxxvii

LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT.

Introduction to the Linnean Arrangement

Table of Linnean Classes

Supplement

General Index

In classical words there are as many syllables as there are vowels; except when u with any other vowel follows g, q, or s, and when two vowels unite to form a diphthong. The diphthongs are a, a, ai, ei, oi, ui, an, eu, and ou. These seldom coalesce in final syllables. oo, ee, ea, and other combinations which never occur as diphthongs, in classical words, follow, in commemorative names, the pronunciation of their primitives, as Teedia, Woodsia.

VOWELS.

In this work, with the exception of the first sixty-two pages of the Linnean Arrangement, the sounds of the accented vowels are indicated by the mark placed over each, the long sound by a grave accent (), the short by an acute ('); but, as in the abovementioned sixty-two pages the acute accent alone is employed, the following observations will be found useful in showing when the vowel is to be sounded long, and when short:

Every accented penultimate vowel is pronounced long, when followed by a vowel or a single consonant, as Achillea tomentosa; but it is shortened when followed by two consonants or a double one, as Sórbus, Taxus; except when the first consonant is a mute and the second a liquid, as A`brus.

Every accented antepenultimate vowel, except u, is pronounced short, as Helléborus, Humulus; but when succeeded by a single consonant, followed by e ori and another vowel, it is lengthened, as Stellària; except i, which is short, as Tilia.

A unaccented, ending a word, is pronounced like the interjection ah, as Sticta (ah).

E final, with or without a consonant preceding, always forms a distinct syllable, as Silène, A'loë; also when the vowel is followed by a final consonant as Trichóma-nes, not Tricho-manes.

I unaccented, if final, sounds as if written eye, as Spica vénti (eye); but, when it ends a syllable not final, it has the sound of e, as Méspilus (Mespelus), Smithi (Smithë-eye)."

Y is subject to the same rules as i.

The diphthongs a and c conform to the rules for e; ei is generally pronounced like eye; the other diph. thongs have the common English sounds.

In addition to the primary accent, every word of more than three syllables contains a secondary accent, which is regulated by the same rules. The secondary accent must always be at least two syllables before the primary accent, as in Chelidònium; for its place the ear is a sufficient guide, and even were it entirely omitted, still, however inharmonious, the pronunciation would not be incorrect.

CONSONANTS.

C and g are hard before a, o, and u, as Córnus, Gàlium; soft before e, i, and y, as Cetrària, Citrus.

T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, when preceded by the accent, change their sounds, t and c into sk, as Blètia, Vicia; and s into xh, as Blasia: but, when the accent is on the first diphthongal vowel, the preceding consonant preserves its sound, as aurantiacum.

Ch, before a vowel, is pronounced like k, as Chelidonium (kel), Colchicum (kolkekum); but in commemorative names it follows their primitives, as Richardsonia, in which the ch is soft.

Cm, cn, ct, gm, gn, mn, im, ps, pt, and other uncombinable consonants, when they begin a word, are pro nounced with the first letter mute, as Ptèris (teris), Cnicus (nikus), Gmelína (melina), Gnidia (nidia); in the middle of a word they separate as in English, as Lap-sana, Lém-na.

Ph, followed by a mute, is not sounded; but, followed by a vowel or a liquid, sounds like f, as Phleum (Alcum).

Sch sounds like sk, as Schoenus (skenus); in tl and zm both letters are heard.

S, at the end of a word, has its pure hissing sound, as Dactylis; except when preceded by e, r, or n, when it sounds like z, as Ribes (ez).

X, at the beginning of a word, sounds like z, as Xanthium; in any other situation it retains its own sound, as Txus, Tamarix. (Gardener's Magazine, vol. v. p. 232.)