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CHAP. III.
ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES, ETC.
Stability of Furnace essential. - Fritting Furnace, or Calcar. Its Use. -
Working Furnace. - Double Furnace.-Proportionate Dimensions of
Furnace and Pots. Wood Furnaces. Comparative Consumption of
Fuel in Wood and Coal Furnaces. — Annealing Oven. - Lier Pans. —
Glass Pots.-Their Formation and Seasoning.
-
Page 152
CHAP. IV.
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF FLINT GLASS.
The most beautiful and costly Kind of Glass. - Importance of its Quality
for Optical Purposes. — Experiments for its Improvement. — Undertaken
by the Royal Society. - Promoted by Government. - Distinguishing
Properties of Flint Glass. To what owing. — Different Compositions.
Process of Melting.— Glass-gall. — Its Use.—Curious Phenomenon.
Implements. Collecting Glass on Rod. Marver. - Paraison. - Blow-
ing.-Re-heating.-Elongating. - Pontil.-Fashioning.-Detaching. —
Removal to Annealing Oven. Moulding. — Annealing. Why indis-
pensable.- Bologna phials. — Rupert's Drops.
161
CHAP. V.
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF CROWN GLASS, BROAD GLASS, AND
BOTTLE GLASS.
Description of Crown Glass. - Harder than Flint Glass. -More difficult to
fashion. - - Its Composition. In France. In England. - Fritting.
Cullet. - Refining. Sulphate of Soda. - Vegetable Charcoal. - Gather-
ing. Blowing. - Re-heating. - Flattening.—Transferring to Pontil. -
Twirling. - Expanding. - Opening. Annealing. -Nice Regulation of
Temperature required in this Process. Qualities of Crown Glass.
German Glass. - Broad Glass.- Inferior to Crown Glass.-Its Compo-
sition. Preparation. —Working.— Bursting. — Opening. · Annealing.
-Bottle Glass. - Manufacture checked by Increase of Duty. - Com-
position. Restrictions as to Materials. — Their bad Tendency.- Supe-
riority of Bottle Glass for certain Purposes. - Materials employed in
France. - At Newcastle.- Fashioning.-Moulding.-Experiments sug-
gested by Count Chaptal. — Klingstein. - Volcanic Granite.
Different Descriptions of Plate Glass. - Blown Plates limited in Size.
Cast Plate Works at Ravenhead. — Difficulties of the Process.- Mate-
Various Compositions.-Borax. - Mixing Materials. — Fritting
rials.
-Furnaces and Crucibles at St. Gobain. - Pots. - Cuvettes. - Regula-
tion of Firing. Casting Tables. - Arrangements of Foundery at Raven-
head.-
- Annealing Ovens. - Process of casting Plates. - Annealing.
Squaring. Grinding. -Economical Improvement. Smoothing.
Emery Powder. - Comparative Value of large and small Plates. - Polish-
ing. Silvering. - Preparation of Amalgam. -Mode of its Application.
-Blowing Plate Glass. - Punching. - Partial Cutting. - Transfer to
Pontil. Completion of cutting. — Opening. — Annealing. - Sizes of
Plates. Effect of Sun's Rays in discolouring Plate Glass.
Page 195
CHAP. VII.
ON THE COMPOSITION OF ARTIFICIAL GEMS.
Great Interest formerly attached to this Subject. - Different Compositions
for artificial Gems.-Mode of Preparation. - Rock Crystal formerly em-
ployed. Not superior to Sand. - Diamond Pastes. -Selection of various
Pastes for imitating different Gems. Reasons for such Selection.
217
CHAP. VIII.
ON THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS FROM CALCINED BONES.
Preparation of Bones.-Their Vitrification.-Process known to Becher. -
Concealed by him.-Curious Suggestion as to its Employment. - This
Glass highly electric when newly made.
223
CHAP. IX.
ON THE USE MADE OF THE BLOW-PIPE, AND ON VARIOUS SMALL
MANUFACTURES OF GLASS.
Thermometer Tubes.-Manner of giving to them an elliptical Bore.
Blowpipe and Apparatus described. - Materials used. - Method of work-
ing. Sealing Tubes. — Bending and joining Tubes. - Bulbs. - Spun
Glass. Watch Glasses.-Lunette Glasses.- Glass Beads. -Manufactory
at Murano. - - Striped Tubes.-Mode of forming Beads.
-Numerous Kinds of Beads.- Mock Pearls.-Manner of their In-
vention. And Formation.-Dial Plates. How formed.
and Figuring.
Sorting them.
Lettering
225
СНАР. Х.
ON THE FORMATION OF LENSES.
Preparation of the necessary Tools. Choice of Glass.
242
lishing. Curdled Lenses. Means used for avoiding this Defect.
1
CHAP. XI.
ON THE PRINCIPAL DEFECTS OBSERVABLE IN GLASS.
Striæ. Render Glass unfit for Optical Purposes. -Threads. - Render
Glass fragile.-Cause of this.
Render Glass useless.
Knots. - Bubbles. Whence they proceed.
Do not much affect the Quality of Glass. Objects to be attained for
avoiding these Defects.-M. Guinand. - His humble Origin. - Energy of
Character. Examines Telescopes and constructs others. Unable to
procure Glass of good Quality. - Is incited to examine into the Causes
of Inferiority. His extraordinary Perseverance amidst Accidents and
Difficulties. His ultimate Success. Accident leading to further Im-
provement. Prosecutes his Art in Bavaria. - Returns to Switzerland,
and further pursues his favourite Object. Dies. Frauenhofer. -
Rises from Obscurity by his Talents. His scientific Acquirements.
Produces Specimens of perfect Glass. - Dies at an early Age. Respect
paid to his Memory.
Page 247
CHAP. XII.
ON THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GLASS.
Importance of this Quality. Experiments of Loysel. His Reasoning and
Formulæ. -Specific Weight augmented by Lime. Mixed Glasses. -
Their specific Weight. - Method of determining this.-Influence of Tem-
perature on the specific Weight of Glass.
261
CHAP. XIII.
ON THE ART OF COLOURING GLASS.
Antiquity of this Art.-Specimens of Roman Mosaic.
by Klaproth. Metallic Oxides. Gold Purple.
Power.-Kunckel. His Proficiency in colouring Glass.-Yellow Colour.
-From Silver. From Lead.- From Tartar. - From Beech Wood
Charcoal. From Oxide of Iron.- Green. -Black Glass. - Blue. - Di-
rections found in old Authors.- Imitation of the Garnet. Of the
Amethyst. Of the Emerald. Of Sapphires. Opaque Glasses.
-Black.White.-Opal.- Ancient Pictures formed of coloured Glass.
-How executed. Description of Ancient Mosaics. More recent Pro-
secution of this Art. Accidental colouring of Plate Glass at St. Gobain.
Ineffectual Attempts to reproduce this Effect.
268
CHAP. XIV.
ON THE ART OF STAINING AND PAINTING GLASS.
This Art more recent than that of colouring. - Encouraged by the Monks.
-Early Specimen at St. Denis.
-Art never much cultivated in England.
-Splendid Paintings at Gouda. - Directions given by old Authors for
composing Colours. Fluxes. - Vehicles for diluting Colours. — De-
scription of various Stains. — Method of floating these. — Of painting on
Glass. Imitation of Ground Glass with transparent Patterns. - De-
scription of Kiln employed. Method of Firing. -Second and third
Firing. - Ancient Method of fixing different-coloured Glasses on each
other.
Page 289
CHAP. XV.
ON THE ART OF CUTTING, ENGRAVING, AND ETCHING ON GLASS.
Origin of the Art of cutting Glass.- Implements. Manner of their Em-
ployment. Frosting. — Patterns produced by Moulding. - Engraving
on Glass. Executed with the Diamond.-Etching.-Schwanhard.
Difference of his Practice from that now used. Method of Etching.
Fluoric Acid. Glass Incrustations. Origin of the Art.- Improve-
ments therein.
305
CHAP. XVI.
ON THE DEVITRIFICATION OF GLASS.
Substance
First observed by Neumann. - Experiments of Reaumur.
known as Reaumur's Porcelain. Inappropriateness of this Name.
Uses to which the Substance may be applied. - Common Bottle Glass
most proper for this Conversion. - Method of effecting the Change. -
Produced solely by Heat. Experiment of Dr. Lewis. -Revitrification.
Experiments of Sir James Hall. - Proposal suggested thereby. — Observ-
ations of Guyton-Morveau. — Artificial Intaglios. Mock Onyxes.
Power of devitrified Glass to bear sudden Changes of Temperature. — Ex-
periments with coloured Glass.- Glass devitrified by burning Lava. - The
process promoted by multiplying the Ingredients of Glass. - Devitrified
Glass conducts Heat more perfectly than when vitreous. — Becomes a
Conductor of Electricity. Retains this Property when revitrified. 317
MANUFACTURE
OF
PORCELAIN.
B