Abbildungen der Seite
PDF
EPUB

CILIA-CIMABUE.

was deficient in design, and in a scientific knowledge of perspective, C. endeavored to unite these with the warm bright coloring and wonderful chiaroscuro of Corregio. He was invited by Clement VII. to Rome, where he died. Among C.'s most famous pictures may be mentioned-The Healing of the Lame Man (St. Peter's, Rome), The Martyrdom of St. Stephen (Uffizi Gallery, Florence), Tobias in the Act of Thanking the Angel (St. Petersburg), and St. Francis, a favorite subject with Cigoli (Pitti Palace, Florence). C. was held in high estimation as an archictect also, and designed several of the Florentine palaces.

CILIA, n. plu. sil'i-ă [L. cilium, an eyelid with the hairs growing on it: It. ciglio: F. cil]: the hair of the eyelids; hairs on the margin of any body; hair-like processes from the margins of leaves, petals, etc.; thin hairlike projections from an animal membrane which have a quick vibratory motion scen only by the microscope (see EPITHELIUM. CILIARY, a. --er-i, belonging to the eyelids or cilia. CIL'IA'TED, a. -i-a těd, in bot., furnished or surrounded with parallel filaments or bristles resembling the hairs of the eyelids. CIL'IOBRACH'IATE, a. -î-ó-brák'i-āt [L. brachium, an arm]: having the arms provided with cilia. CILIARY MOTION, that rapid vibratile motion characteristic of cilia in a state of action, which thus create currents in the surrounding or contiguous fluid, to subserve important purposes to the animal possessing them.

CILICIA, se-lish'e-a: ancient division of Asia Minor, now included in the Turkish eyalet of Koniah. The Taurus range, which separated it from Cappadocia, bounded it on the n., the Gulf of Issus and the Cilician Sea on the s., while the Amanus and Pamphylia bounded it respectively on the e. and w. lat. 36° -38 n., long. 32 10-37° 8' e. The e. portion of C. was fertile in grain, wine, etc.; while the w. and more mountainous portion furnished inexhaustible supplies of timber to the ancients. The pass called by the Turks Gölek Bógház is that by which the younger Cyrus passed from Tyana in Cappadocia to Tarsus; and it is also the same by which Alexander the Great entered Cilicia. Pop. about 100,000, mostly nomadic.

In early ages C. was ruled by its own kings, the dynasty of Syennesis being apparently the most important. The Cilicians were a distinct people in the time of Xenophon; but the Greeks appear to have got a footing after the time of Alexander. The Cilicians were notorious pirates, but having carried on their depredations too close to the shores of Italy, the Roman arms were turned against them, and C. was made a Roman province in Pompey's time.

CILIOGRADA, n. plu. sil'i-õ-grā ́dă [L. cilium, an eyelid with the hairs on its margin; grudior, I walk: grādus, a step]: animals that swim by means of cilia - same as 'ctenophora'. CILIOGRADE, a. sili-o-grad, swimming by the vibratory motion of cilia.

CIMABUE, che-má-bo'a, GIOVANNI: 1240-soon after 1300; b. Florence: one of the restorers of the art of painting in Italy, which had fallen into neglect during the bar

CIMAROSA-CIMBRI.

barism of the dark ages. At this time, the fine arts were practiced in Italy chiefly by Byzantines, and had degenerated into a worn-out mechanical conventionalism. C. studied at first under Byzantine masters, and adopted their traditional forms, but gradually excelled his teachers, made innovations on their fixed patterns, and gave life and individuality to his works. Two remarkable pictures of the Madonna by C. are still preserved in Florence-one (chiefly Byzantine in style) in the Academy; the other, displaying a more purely original genius, in the church of Santa Maria Novella. It is said that this latter work in the time of C. was admired as a miracle of art, and was carried to the church in a sort of triumphal procession. More remarkables pictures, in point of expression or dramatic: effect, are found in C.'s frescoes in the church of San Francisco at Assisi. What strikes one as very wonderful about C.'s pictures, is the accuracy of his naked figures, considering that he had no better professional guides than the Byzantine artists. His draperies also were very good, but he had apparently no knowledge of perspective, though acquainted with architecture. His greatest pupil was Giotto (q.v.).

CIMAROSA, che-má-ro'zá, DOMENICO: 1749, Dec. 17 -1801; b. Aversa: Italian composer of operas. He was educated in music under Sacchini, and in the conservatory of Loretto. His first pieces were the Sacrificio di Abramo and the Olympiade. When barely 22 years of age, he had achieved a reputation in all the leading Italian theatres. He was then called to St. Petersburg, where he resided four years. Afterward, he lived at various German courts; thence he proceeded to Vienna, where he became imperial chapel-master; finally, he returned to Italy. At Naples, his comic opera, Il Matrimonio Segreto, composed Vienna 1791, was repeated 57 times in succession. C. died at Venice. His comic operas, which are remarkable for novelty, spirit, whimsicality, and liveliness of idea, show also great knowledge of stage-effect. The wealth and freshness of his invention gave rise to the saying that one finale of C. contained material for a dozen operas.

CIM BALO: musical instrument with a set of keys like the clavecin or harpsichord.

CIM BRI, or KIM'BRI: a people who issued from the n. of Germany in conjunction with the Teutones, and came: into hostile contact with the Romans first in the eastern Alps, B.C. 113. They were victorious in several great engagements, and were prevented from devastating Italy only by sustaining a terrible defeat from Marius, on the Raudit Campi, near Verona, or, according to others, near Vercelli, B.C. 101, Aug Their infantry fought with their shields: fastened together by long chains; their horsemen, of whom they had 15,000, were well armed with helmet, coat of mail, shield, and spear. Marius had so chosen his position that the sun and dust were in their faces, and yet they contested the victory most bravely with the Romans who were 55,000 strong.

When the battle was lost, the women, who

CIMBRIC-CIMMERIAN.

remained in the camp formed of the wagons, killed themselves and their children. 140,000 C. are said to have fallen in the battle; the number of prisoners is given at 60,000. It is not till long afterward, when the Romans themselves penetrated into Germany, that the name of the C. again appears. Cæsar represents the Aduatici of Belgium as the descendants of the C. and Teutones. Tacitus speaks of a people bearing the name of C., few in number but of great reputation, that sent ambassadors to Augustus. This people lived in the extreme north of Germany, on the borders of the ocean; according to Pliny and Ptolemy, at the extremity of the peninsula called from them the Čimbric Chersonese, now Jütland. The ethnology of the C. is doubtful. Greek writers associated them groundlessly with the Cimmerians (q.v.); Sallust calls them Gauls; Cæsar, Tacitus, and Plutarch looked upon them as Germans, and the opinion of their German origin has been adopted by most moderns. Yet H. Müller, in his Marken des Vaterlandes (1837), has endeavored to show that they belonged to the Celtic race, and lived originally on the n.e. of the Belge, of kindred origin, and that their name is the same as that by which the Celts of Wales designate themselves to this day-Cymri.

CIMBRIC, a. sim'brik: pertaining to the Cimbri, an ancient tribe of northern Germany and Denmark.

CIMETER, or CYMETAR, n. sim'è-ter [F. cimeterre-from It. scimiterra; Sp. cimitarra, Pers. shamsher, a sword]: a short curved sword used by the Persians and Turks; also spelled SCIMETAR, SCIMITAR, and SCYMETAR.

CIM'EX AND CIMICIDE: see BUG.

CIMICIFUGA, or BUG-BANE: herb of the order Ranuncule. Incisely toothed leaflets; flower, white; herbaceous stem, four to six ft. high. Also called snakeroot and black .cohosh. The aqueous decoction or alcoholic extract of the root of C. racemosa is used in medicine in cases of chorea, and was formerly used in rheumatism.

CIMINNA, chè-min'na: town of Sicily, Province of Palermo, 18 m. s.e. of the city of Palermo. Pop. about 10,000.

CIMMERIAN, a. sim-më'ri-ăn [L. Cimmērium, a former name of the Crimea, fabled by the ancients to have been continually shrouded in darkness]: extremely dark; very obscure; benighted. CIMMERII, n. plu. sim-mer'i-i, or CIMMERIANS, anc. mythical people who were said to live in the furthest w. on the ocean amid constant mists and darkness; in the poems of Homer, the name of the people dwelling 'beyond the ocean-stream,' where the sun never shines and perpetual darkness reigns.-But the historic C. were a people whose country lay between the Borysthenes (Dnieper) and the Tanais (Don), including also the Tauric Chersonesus (Crimea). The Cimmerian Bosporus (Strait of Yenikale) derived its name from them: see BOSPORUS. KAFFA. Being driven out by the Scythians, they migrated to Asia Minor, dwelt there for some time, plundered Sardis,

CIMOLITE-CINALOA.

failed in an attempt upon Miletum, and were finally routed and expelled by the Lydian king Alyattes, some time after B.C. 617.

CIMOLITE, n. sim'ō-lit: a pure white or grayish-white variety of clay from the island of Cimolus (now Argentiera), in the Grecian Archipelago, used as a fuller's earth (q.v.). CIMOLIAN, a. si-mō li-in, pertaining to.

CIMON, simon: an Athenian commander; d. B.C. 449; son of Miltiades who was the conqueror at Marathon. In conjunction with Aristides, he was placed over the Athenian contingent to the allied fleet, which, under the supreme command of the Spartan Pausanias, continued the war against the Persians (B.C. 477). He effected the important conquest of Eïon, a town on the river Strymon, then garrisoned by the Persians. Later (according to Clinton, B.C. 466), when commander-in-chief, he encountered a Persian fleet of 350 ships at the river Eurymedon, destroyed or captured 200, and defeated the land-forces on the same day. He succeeded likewise in driving the Persians from Thrace, Caria, and Lycia; and expended much of the money which he had obtained by the recovery of his patrimony in Thrace upon the improvement of the city of Athens. At this period he appears to have been the most influential of the Athenians. The hereditary enemy of Persia, it was his policy to advocate a close alliance with Sparta; and when the Helots revolted he led an army upon two occasions to the support of the Spartan troops; but on the latter occasion, having lost the confidence of his allies, he was ignominiously dismissed. After his return to Athens his policy was opposed by the democracy, headed by Pericles, who procured his banishment by ostracism. He was recalled in the fifth year of his exile, and was instrumental in obtaining a five years' armistice between the Spartans and the Athenians. He died while besieging the Persian garrison of Citium in Cyprus.

CINALOA, sin-á-lo á: town of Mexico, in the state of C., on the Rio Cinaloa, about 50 m. from its entrance into the Gulf of California. It is a thriving place, with goldwashings in the vicinity. Pop. about 9,000.

CINCHONA.

CINCHONA, n. sin-kō'nă, sometimes CHINCHONA [said to be after Countess of Chinchon (q.v.), wife of a viceroy of Peru, A.D. 1638; but whose name probably only modified kina, or kinakina, the native Peruvian name]: the bark of a tree of many species growing in Peru, etc., also called Peruvian bark, and Jesuit's bark; the tree itself, ord. Rubiācěœ. CINCHONACEOUS, a. sin'kō-nā'shus, of or pertaining to the chinchona. CINCHON'IC, a. -kon'ik, pertaining to. CINCHONINE, D. sin kō-nin, or CINCHO NIA, n. -kō'ni-ă, an alkaloid obtained from cinchona bark: see QUINIA or QUININE. CIN CHONISM, n. -kō-nizm, in med., a disturbed condition of the body caused by overdoses of cinchona or quinine.

CINCHONA (better spelled chinchona, it appears; see CHINCHON): a most important genus of trees of the nat. ord. Cinchonacea, yielding the bark so much valued in medicine, known as Peruvian bark, Jesuits' bark, China bark, quina, quinquina, cinchona bark, etc., and from which the important alkaloids Quinia or Quinine (q.v.), and Cinchonia or Cinchonine, are obtained. The species of this genus are sometimes trees of great magnitude; but an aftergrowth springing from their roots when they have been felled, they often appear only as large shrubs; and some of them, in the highest mountain regions in which they are found, are low trees with stems only eight or ten ft. in height. They are natives of S. America, between s. lat. 20° and n. lat. 10°, and chiefly on the e. slope of the second range of the Cor dilleras. All the cinchonas are evergreen-trees, with laurel-like, entire, opposite leaves, stipules which soon fall off, and panicles of flowers which, in general appearance, are like those of lilac or privet The flowers are white, rose-colored, or purplish, and very fragrant. The calyx is small and five-toothed; the corolla tubular with a salvershaped five-cleft limb. In the true Chinchonas the capsule splits from the base upward; the species in which it splits from above downward form the sub-genus Cascarilla, the distinction acquiring importance from the consideration that the barks of the former afone contain the alkaloids so valuable in medicine; and this property is further limited to those species which have the corolla downy or silky on the outside. Beyond the botanical limits thus narrowly marked out not a trace of these alkaloids has yet been discovered anywhere.

Great difficulty has been found in determining the species by which the different varieties of C. bark known in commerce are produced. The common commercial names are derived partly from the color of the kinds, and partly from the districts in which they are produced, or the ports where they are sipped. It appears, however, to be now ascertained that Calisaya bark, also called royal or genuine yellow bark, one of the very best kinds-mostly shipped from Africa-is chiefly the produce of C. Calisaya, a large tree growing in hot mountain valleys of Bolivia and the south of Peru. To give all the varieties of bark and species of tree would go beyond our limits.

The accurate discrimination of the different kinds of

« ZurückWeiter »