The first person of the Prefent of the Indicative is called the Theme or the Root of the verb, because from it the other three principal parts are formed.

The letters of a verb which always remain the fame, are called Radical letters; as, am, in am-o. The reft are called the Termination; as, abamus, in am-abamus.

All the letters which come before -äre, -ère, -ĕre, or ire, of the infinitive, are radical letters. By putting these before the terminations, all the parts of any regular verb may be readily formed, except the compound tenfes.

Signification of the Tenfes in the various Modes.

The tenfes formed from the present of the indicative or infinitive fignify in general the continuance of an action or paffion, or reprefent them as prefent at fome particular time: the other tenfes exprefs an action or paffion completed; but not always so abfolutely, as entirely to exclude the continuance of the fame action or paffion; thus, Amo, I love, do love, or am loving; amabam, I loved, did love, or was loving, &c.

Amavi, I loved, did love, or have loved, that is, have done with loving, &c.

In like manner, in the passive voice; Amor, I am loved, I am in loving, or in being loved, &c.

Part time in the paffive voice is expreffed several different ways, by means of the auxiliary verb fum, and the participle perfect; thus,

Indicative Mode.

Perfect. Amatus fum, I am or have been loved, or oftener, I was loved.
Amatus fui, I have been loved, or I was loved.
Plu-perfect. Amatus eram, I was or had been loved.
Amatus fueram, I had been loved.

Subjunctive Mode.

Perfect. Amatus fim, I may be or may have been loved.
Amatus fuerim, I may have been loved.

Plu-perfect. Amatus effem, I might, could, would, or should be or have been loved.

Amatus fuiffem, I might, could, would, or fhould have

been loved; or, I had been loved.

Future. Amatus fuero, I fhall have been loved.

The verb fum is alfo employed to exprefs future time in the indicative mode, both active and paffive; thus,

Amaturus fum, I am about to love, I am to love, I am going to love, or I will love. We chiefly use this form, when some putpofe or intention is fignified.

Amatus ero, I fhall be loved.

Obf. 1. The participles amatus and amaturus are put before the auxiliary verb, because we commonly find them fo placed in the

claffics.

Obf. 2. In these compound tenfes the learner fhould be taught to vary the participle like an adjective noun, according to the gender and number of the different fubftantives to which it is applied; thus, amatus eft, he is or was loved, when applied to a man; amata eft, fhe was loved, when applied to a woman; amatum eft, it was loved, when applied to a thing; amati funt, they were loved, when applied to men, . The connecting of fyntax, fo far as is neceffary, with the inflexion of nouns and verbs, feems to be the most proper method of teaching both.

Obf. 3. The paft time and participle perfect in English are taken in different meanings, according to the different tenfes in Latin which they are ufed to exprefs. Thus, "I loved," when put for amabam, is taken in a fenfe different from what it has when put for amavi: so amor, and amatus fum, I am loved; amabar, and amatus eram, I was loved; amer, and amatus fim, &c. In the one, loved is taken in a prefent, in the other, in a past sense. This ambiguity arifes from the defective nature of the English verb.

Obf. 4. The tenfes of the fubjunctive mode may be variously rendered, according to their connection with the other parts of a fentence. They are often expreffed in English as the fame tenfes of the indicative, and fometimes one tenfe apparently put for another. Thus, Quafi intelligant, qualis fit, As if they understood, what kind of perfon he is. Cic. In facinus jurasse putes, You would think, &c. Ov. Eloquar an fileam? Shall I speak out, or be filent? Nee vos arguerim, Teucri, for arguam, Virg. Si quid te fugerit, ego perierim, for peribo, Ter. Hunc tantum dolorem fi fperare potui, et perferre potero for potuiffem and poffem, Virg. Singula quid referam? Why fhould I mention every thing? Id. Pradiceres mibi, you should have told me before hand, Ter. At tu dictis, Albane, maneres, ought to have stood to your word, Virg. Citius crediderim, I fhould fooner believe, Juv. Hauferit enfis, The fword would have destroyed, Virg. Fuerint irati, Grant or fuppofe they were angry. Si id feciffet, If he did or fhould do that, Cic. The fame promifcuous ufe of the tenfes feems also to take place fometimes in the indicative and infinitive; and the indicative to be put for the fubjunctive; as, Animus meminisse borret, luctuque refugit, for refugit, Virg. Fuerat melius, for fuisset, Id. Invidia dilapfa erat, for fuiffet, Sall. Quamdiu in portum venis? for venifti, Plaut. Quam mox navigo Ephefum, for navigabo, Id. Tu fi bic fis, aliter fentias, Ter. for, effes and sentires. Cato affirmat, fe vivo, illum non triumpbare, for triumphaturum effe, Cic. Perfuadet Caftico, ut occuparet, for occupet,

Cæf.

Obf. 5. The future of the subjunctive, and alfo of the indicative, is often rendered by the prefent of the fubjunctive in English; as, nifi boc faciet or fecerit, unless he do this. Ter.

Obf. 6. Inftead of the imperative we often use the prefent of the fubjunctive; as, valeas, farewell; buc venias, come hither, &c. And

alfo the future both of the indicative and subjunctive; as, non oĉides, do not kill; ne feceris, do not do it ; valebis, meque amabis, farewell, and love me. Cic.

The present time and the preter-imperfect of the infinitive are both expreffed under the fame form. All the varieties of paft and future time are expreffed by the other two tenfes. But in order properly to exemplify the tenfes of the infinitive mode, we must put an accufative, and fome other verb, before each of them: thus,

Dicit me fcribere; he fays that I write, do write, or am writing. Dixit me fcribere; he faid that I wrote, did write, or was writing. Dicit me fcripfiffe; he fays that I wrote, did write, or have written. Dixit me fcripfiffe; he faid that I had written.

Dicit me fcripturum effe; he fays that I will write.

Dixit nos fcripturos effe; he faid that we would write.

Dicit nos fcripturos fuiffe; he says that we would have written.
Dicit literas feribi; he fays that letters are written, writing, a writing
or in writing,

Dixit literas fcribi; he said that letters were writing, or written.
Dicit literas fcriptas effe; he says that letters are or were written.
Dicit literas fcriptas fuiffe; he lays that letters have been written.
Dixit literas fcriptas fuiffe; he said that letters had been written.
Dicit literas feriptum iri; he says that letters will be written.
Dixit literas fcriptum iri; he said that letters would be written.

The future, scriptum iri, is made up of the former fsupine, and the infinitive paffive of the verb so, and therefore never admits of any variation.

The future of the infinitive is sometimes expressed by a peripbrăfis or circumlocution; thus, fcio fore vel futurum esse ut fcribant,—ut litera fcribantur; I know that they will write,-that letters will be written. Scivi fore vel futurum esse ut fcriberent,—ut literæ fcriberentur ; I knew that they would write, &c. Scivi futurum fuiffe, ut litera fcriberentur; I knew that letters would have been written. This form is neceffary in verbs which want the supine.

Obf. 7. The different tenfes, when joined with any expediency or neceflity, are thus expreffed :

Scribendum eft mibi, puero, nobis, &c. literas ;. I, the boy, we, &c. muf write letters.

Scribendum fuit mihi; I must have written.

Scribendum erit mibi; I fhall be obliged to write.

Scio fcribendum effe mihi literas; I know that I must write letters.
-Scribendum fuiffe mibi;

that I must have written.

Dixit fcribendum fore mihi; He faid that I would be obliged to write. Or with the participle in dus,

Litera funt fcribendæ mihi, puero, bominibus, &c. or a me, puero, &c.; Let ters are to be, or must be written by me,by the boy, by men, &c. So litera fcribendæ erant, fuerunt, erunt, &c. Si litera fcribenda fint, effent, forent, &c. Scio literas fcribendas effe; I know that letters are to be, or must be written. Scivi literas fcribendas fuiffe; I knew that letters ought to have been, or must have been written.

Note. Most of the fimple tenfes of a verb in Latin may be expreffed, as in English, by the participle and the auxiliary verb fum; as,fum amans, for amo, I am loving; eram amans, for amābam, &c.; fui te carens, for carui, Plaut. Ut fis fciens, for ut fcias, Ter. Only the tenfes in the active which come from the preterite, and those in the paffive which come from the prefent, cannot be properly expreffed in this manner; because the Latins have no participle perfect active, nor participle prefent paffive. This manner of expreffion however does not often occur.

FORMATION OF THE PRETIRITE AND SUPINE. GENERAL RULES.

1. Compound and fimple verbs form the preterite and fupine in the fame manner; as,

Voco, vocavi, vocatum, to call: so revoco, revocāvi, revõcātum, to recall. Exc. 1. When the simple verb in the preterite doubles the first fyllable of the prefent, the compounds lose the former fyllable; as, pello, pěpůli, to beat; repello, repuli never repepuli, to beat back. But the compounds of do, fto, difco, and pofco, follow the general rule; thus, edifco, edidici, to get by heart; depofco, depopofci, to demand: So, præcurro, præcucurri; repungo, repupugi.

Exc. 2. Compounds which change a of the fimple verb into í, have e in the fupine; as, facio, feci, fa&um, to make; perficio, perfeci, perfectum, to perfect. But compound verbs ending in do and go; also the compounds of habeo, plăceo, făpio, fălio, and stătuo, observe the general

rule.

2. Verbs which want the preterite, want likewise the fupine.

SPECIAL RULES.
First Conjugation.

Verbs of the first conjugation have āvi in the preterite, and ātum in the fupine; as,

Creo, creāvi, creātum, to create; păro, părăvi, părătum, to prepare.

Exc. 1. Do, dědi, dătum, dăre, to give: fo venundo, to fell; circundo, to furround; pessundo, to overthrow; fatifdo, to give furety; venundědi, venundătum, venundăre, &c. The other compounds of do are of the third conjugation.

Sto, fleti, flatum, to ftand. Its compounds have ftiti, fitum, and oftener flatum; as, præfto, præftiti, præflitum, or preftatum, to excel. So ex-, ad-, con-, in-, ob-, per-, pro-, re-flo.

Exc. 2. Lăvo, lāvi, lōtum, lautum, lăvātum, to wash.
Poto, potavi, potum, or pōtātum, to drink.

Juvo, jūvi, jūtum, to help; fut. part. juvaturus. So adjuvo.

Exc. 3. Cubo, cubui, cubitum, to ly. So ac-, ex-, oc-, re-cubo. The other compounds infert an m, and are of the third conjugation.

Domo, domui, domitum, to fubdue. So e-, per-domo.

Sono, sănui, sănitum, to found. So af-, circum-, con-, dif-, éx-, in, per, præ-, re-sõno.

Tono, tonui, tonitum, to thunder. So at-, circum-, in-, fuperin-, re tono. Horace has intonātus.

Věto, větui, větĭtum, tọ forbid.

Crěpo, crěpui, crepitum, to make a noife. So con-, in-, per-, re-crepo: difcrepo has rather difcrepavi.

Exc. 4. Frico, fricui, fridum, to rub. So af, circum-, con, de-, ef-, in, per-, re-frico. But fome of thefe have also atum.

So circum-, con-, de-, dif-, ex-,

Seco, secui, fedum, to cut. in-, inter-, per-, præ-, re, fub-sěco.

:

Něco, necui, or necavi, necatum, to kill. So inter-, eněco but thefe have oftener edum; enectum, interne&um. Mico, micui, to glitter. So inter-, pro-mico. Emico, has emicui, emĭcātum; dimico, dimĭcāvi, dimicatum, rarely dimicui, to fight.

Exc. 5. These three want both pret. and fup. lăbe, to fall or faint; nexo, to bind; and plico, to fold.

Plico compounded with a noun, or with the prepofitions re, fub, has avi, atum; as, duplico, duplicavi, duplicatum, to double. So multi, fup-, re plico.

The other compounds of plico have either avi and ätum, or ui and ĭtum; as, applico, applicui, applicitum, or avi, atum, to apply. So im-, com-, plico. Explico, to unfold, has commonly explicui, explicitum; but when it fignifies to explain or interpret, explicavi, explicātum.

Second Conjugation.

Verbs of the fecond conjugation have ui and ĭtum ; as, habeo, habui, habitum, to have.