REMARKS.

1. Comparatives, and adjectives in ns, have e more frequently thani; and participles in the ablative called abfolute have gen erally e; as, Tiberip regnante, not regnanti, in the reign of Tiberius.

2. Adjectives joined with substantives neuter for the most part have i; as, victrīci ferro, not victrice.

3. Different words are fometimes used to express the different genders; as, victor, victorious, for the mafc. victrix, for the fem. Victrix, in the plur. has likewise the neuter gender; thus, victrices, victricia: fo, ultor, and ultrix, revengeful. Victrix is alfo neut. in the fingular.

4. Several adjectives compounded of clivus, frenum, bacillum, arma, jugum, limus, fomnus, and animus, end in is or us; and therefore are either of the first and second declenfion, or of the third; as, declīvis, -is, -e; and declīvus, -a, -um, steep; imbecillis, and imbecillus, weak ; femifomnis, and femifomnus, half-afleep; exanimis and exanimus, lifelefs. But feveral of them do not admit of this variation; thus we fay, magnanimus, flexanimus, effrēnus, levifomnus; not magnanimis, &c. Од the contrary, we say, pufillanimis, injugis, illīmis, infomnis, exfomnis ;. not pufillanimus, &c. So, femianimis, inermis, fublīmis, acclīvis, declīvis, proclivis rarely femianimus, &c.

5. Adjectives derived from nouns are called Denominatives; as, cordatus, morātus, cæleftis, adamantinus, corporeus, agreftis, aftivus, &c. from cor, mos, cælum, adamas, c. Those which diminish the fignification of their primitives are called Diminutives; as, mifellus, parvulus, duriufculus, &c. Those which fignify a great deal of a thing are called Amplificatives, and end in ofus or entus; as, vinofus, vinolentus, given to much wine; operofus, laborious; plumbōfus, full of lead; modofus, knotty, full of knots; corpulentus, corpulent, &c. Some end in tus; as, aurītus, having long or large ears; nasātus, having a large nofe; ́ fiteratus, learned, &c.

6. An adjective derived from a substantive or from another adjective, fignifying poffeflion or property, is called a Poffeffive Adjective; as, Scoticus, paternus, berīlis, aliēnus, of or belonging to Scot land, a father, a master, another: from Scotia, pater, herus, and

alius.

7. Adjectives derived from verbs are called Verbals; as, amabilis, amiable; capax, capable; docilis, teachable; from amo, cepio, doceo.

8. When participles become adjectives, they are called Partici pials; as, fapiens, wife; acutus, fharp; difertus, eloquent. Of these many alfo become substantives; as, adolefcens, animans, rudens, ferpens; advocatus, fponfus, natus, legatus ; fponfa, mata, ferta, sc. corona, a garland; prætexta, sc. veftis; debitum, decretum, præceptum, fatum, te&tum, votum, &c.

9. Adjectives derived from adverbs are called Adverbials; as, bodiernus, from hodie; craftinus, from cras; binus, from bis, &c. There

are likewise adjectives derived from prepofitions; as, contrarius, from contra; anticas, from ante: pofticus, from poft.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives which fignify number, are divided into four claffes, Cardinal, Ordinal, Diftributive, and Multipli

The cardinal numbers, except unus and mille, want the fingular.

Unus is not used in the plural, unlefs when joined with a subftantive which wants the fingular; as, una mania, one wall; or when feveral particulars are considered as one whole; as, una veflimente, one fuit of clothes.

Septingenti,

Octingenti,

Nongenti,

}

two thousand.

}

ten thousand.

In the fame manner with duo, decline ambo, both.

All the Cardinal numbers from quatuor to centum, including them both, are indeclinable; and from centum to mille, are declined like the plural of bonus; thus, ducenti, -tæ, -ta; ducentorum, -tarum, -torum, &c.

Mille is ufed either as a fubftantive or adjective; when taken fubftantively it is indeclinable in the fingular number; and in the plural has millia, millium, millibus, &c.

Mille, an adjective, is commonly indeclinable, and to express more than one thousand, has the numeral adverbs joined with it; thus, mille bomines, a thousand men; mille hominum, of a thousand men, &c. Bis mille homines, two thousand men; ter mille bomines, c. But with mille, a substantive, we say mille hominum, a thousand men; duo millia hominum, tria millia, quatuor millia, centum or centena millia bominum; Decies centena millia, a million; Vicies centena millia, two millions, &c.

2. The Ordinal numbers are primus, firft; fecundus, fecond, &c. declined like bonus.

3. The diftributive are, finguli, one by one; bini, two by two, &c. declined like the plural of bonus.

The following table contains a lift of the Ordinal and Distributive Numbers, together with the Numeral Adverbs, which are often joined with the Numeral Adjectives.

In feveral of these, both in English and Latin, the comparative and fuperlative feem to be formed from fome other adjective which in the positive has fallen into disuse: in others, the regular form is contracted; as, maximus, for magniffimus: moft, for moreft; leaft, for leffeft; worf, for worseft.

2. These five have their fuperlative in lĭmus :

Facilis, facilior, facillimus, easy.

Imbecillis, imbecillior, imbecilli Gracilis, gracilior,gracillimus, lean. mus, weak.

Humilis, humilior,humillimus,low. Similis, fimilior, fimillimus, like,

3. The following adjectives have regular comparatives, but form the fuperlative differently:

Citer, citerior, citimus, near.
Dexter, dexterior, dextimus, right.
Sinister, sinisterior, finistĭmus, left.
Exter, -erior, extimus, or extrē-

mus, outward.

Infĕrus,-ior, infĭmus,orimus, belors.
Interus, interior, intimus, inrvard.

Matūrus, -ior, maturrimus, or maturiffimus, ripe.

Pofterus, pofterior, postremus, bebind,

Supĕrus, -rior, fuprēmus, or fummus, bigb.

Vetus, veterior, veterrimus, old.

4. Compounds in dicus, loquus, ficus, and volus, have entior, and entiffimus; as, maledicus, railing, maledicentior, maledicentiffimus: So magniloquus, one that boafteth; beněficus, beneficent; malevõlus, malevolent; mirificus, wonderful, -entior, -entiffimus, or mirificiffimus.

There are a great many adjectives, which, though capable of having their fignification increafed, yet either want one of the degrees of comparison, or are not compared at all.

1. The following adjectives are not used in the pofitive: Deterior, worfe, deterrimus.

Ocior, fwifter, ocifsimus.

Prior, former, primus.

Propior, nearer, proximus, neareft or

next.

Ulterior, farther, ultimus.

2. The following want the comparative :

Inclytus, inclytiffimus, renowned.
Meritus, meritiffimus, deferving.
Novus, noviflimus, new.

Nupĕrus, nuperrimus, late.
Par, pariffimus, equal.
Sacer, facerrimus, facred.

3. The following want the fuperlative:

Adolefcens, adolefcentior, young.

Diuturnus, diuturnior, lafting.

Ingens, ingentior, buge.

Juvenis, junior, young.

Opimus, opimior, rich.

Pronus, pronior, inclined dorin

wards.

Satur, faturior, full.
Senex, fenior, ald.

To fupply the fuperlative of juvěnis or adolefcens, we fay minimus natu, the youngeft; and of fenex, maximus natu, the oldeft.

Adjectives in ilis, ālis, and bilis, alfo want the fuperlative; as, civilis, civilior, civil; regalis, regatior, regal; flebilis, -ior, lamentable. So juvenilis, youthful; exilis, fmall; regalis, like a king, &c.

To these add several others of different terminations: Thus, arcānus, -ior, fecret; declīvis, -ior, bending downwards ; longinquus, -ior, far off; propinquus, -ior, near.

Anterior, former; fequior, worse; fatior, better; are only found in the comparative.

4. Many adjectives are not compared at all: fuch are those compounded with nouns or verbs; as, persicolor, of divers colours; peftifer, poisonous: alfo adjectives in us pure, in ivus, īnus, orus, or imus, and diminutives; as, dubius, doubtful; vacuus, empty; fugitivus, that flieth away; matutīnus, early; canōrus, shrill; legitĭmus, lawful; tenellus, fomewhat tender; majufculus, &c.: together with a great many others of various terminations; as, almus, gracious; præcox, -ocis, foon or early ripe; mirus, egenus, lacer, memor, fofpes, &c

This defect of comparison is fupplied by putting the adverb magis before the adjective, for the comparative degree; and valde or maxime for the fuperlative; thus, egenus, needy; magis egenus, more needy; valde or maxime egenus, very or moft needy. Which form of comparison is also used in those adjectives which are regularly compared.

PRONOUN,

A pronoun is a word which stands inftead of a noun.

Thus, I ftands for the name of the perfon who fpeaks; thou, for the name of the perfon addreffed.

Pronouns ferve to point out objects, whofe names we either do not know, or do not want to mention. They alfo ferve to shorten discourse, and prevent the too frequent repetition of the fame word; thus, instead of faying, When Cæfar had conquered Gaul, Cæfar turned Cafar's arms against Cafar's country, we fay, When Cæfar had conquered Gaul, be turned his arms against his country.

The fimple pronouns in Latin are eighteen; ego, tu, fui; ille, ipfe, ifte, hic, is, quis, qui; meus, tuus, fuus, nofter, vefter; noftras, veftras, and cujas.

Three of them are substantives, ego, tu, fui; the other fifteen are adjectives.