The poets fometimes shorten dederunt and fětěrunt; and lengthen rìmus and rītis, in the future of the subjunctive; as,

tranfierītis aquas, Ovid. All the other exceptions from this rule are marked in the formation of the verb.

The first or middle fyllables of words which do not come under any of the foregoing rules, are faid to be long or short by authority ; and their quantity can only be discovered from the usage of the poets, which is the most certain of all rules.

REMARKS on the QUANTITY of the PENULT of WORDS.

1. Patronymics in IDES or ADES ufually fhorten the penult ; ås, Priamides, Atlantiades, c. Unless they come from nouns in eus; as, Pelides, Tydides, Ve.

2. Patronymics, and fimilar words, in AIS, EIS, ITIS, OIS, OTIS, INE, and ONE, commonly lengthen the penult; as, Achāis, Ptolemais, Chryseis, neis, Memphītis, Latõis, Icariotis, Nerine, Arifiō, ne. Except Thebais, and Phocăis; and Nereis, which is common.

3. Adjectives in ACUS, ICUS, IDUS, and IMUS, for the most part fhorten the penult; as, Ægyptiacus, academicus, lepidus, legifimus; alfo fuperlatives; as, fortifsimus, &c. Except opacus, amicus, apricus, pudicus, mendicus, pofticus, fidus, infidus, (but perfidus, of per and fides, is short,) bimus, quadrimus, patrīmus, matrīus, opimus; and two fuperlatives, imus, primus.

4. Adjectives in ALIS, ANUS, ARUS, IVUS, ORUS, Oṣuş, lengthen the penult; as, dotālis, urbānus, avārus, aftīvus, decōrus, arenōfus. Except barbărus, opiparus.

5. Verbal adjectives in ILIS fhorten the penult; as, agilis, fácilis, &c. But derivatives from nouns ufually lengthen it; as, anilis, ctvilis, berilis, &c. To these add, exilis, fubtilis; and names of months, Aprīlis. Quinctilis, Sextilis: Except bumilis, parilis; and also fimilit But all adjectives in atilis are thort; as, versatilis, volatilis, umbratilis, &c.

6. Adjectives in INUS derived from inanimate things, as plants, ftones, &c. alfo from adverbs of time, commonly fhorten the penult; as, amaracinus, crocinus, cedrinus, faginus, oleaginus; adamanti Lus, cristallinus, craftinus, priftinus, perendipus, &c..

Other adjectives in INUS are long; as, agninus, außrīnus, bīnus, clandeftinus, Latinus, marīnus, fupīnus, vefpertinus, &c.

7. Diminutives in OLUS, OLA, OLUM; and ULUS, ULA, ULUM, always fhorten the penult; as, urceolus, filiola, mufæŏlum; lectŭlus, ratiuncŭla, corcŭlum, &c.

8. Adverbs in TIM lengthen the penult; as, oppidātim, viritim, tributim. Except affătim, perpětim, and stătim.

9. Defideratives in URIO fhorten the antepenultima, which in the fecond and third person is the penult; as, esurio, esuris, esŭrit. But other verbs in urio, lengthen that fyllable; as, ligūrio, ligūris ; fcaturio, featuris, &c.

PENULT of PROPER NAMES.

The following proper names lengthen the penult. Abdēra, Abīdus, Adonis, Æsopus, Ætōlus, Ahāla, Alarīcus, Alcides, Amycle, Andronicus, Anubis, Archimedes, Ariarathes, Ariobarzānes, Ariftīdes, Ariftobulus, Ariftogiton, Arpinum, Artabanus; Brachmanes, Busīris, Buthrōtus; Cethegus, Chalcedon, Cleobulus, Cyrēne, Cythēra, Curētes; Darīci, Demonicus, Diomedes, Diores, Diofcuri; Ebudes, Eriphyle, Eubulus, Euclides, Euphrates, Eumedes, Euripus, Euxinus; Gargānus, Gætulus, Granicus ; Heliogabulus, Henricus, Heraclides, Heraclitus, Hippōnax, Hifpanus; Irene; Lacydas, Latona, Leucãta; Lugdūnum, Lycōras; Mandāne, Mausolus, Maximīnus, Meleager, Mefsāla, Mefsāna, Milētus; Nasīca, Nicanor, Nicētas; Pachīnus, Pandora, Peloris, et us, Pharsalus, Phonice, Polites, Polyclētus, Polynices, Priapus; Sarpēdon, Serāpis, Sinope, Stratonice, Suffētes; Tigranes, Theffalonica, Verona, Veronica.

The following are fhort; Amathus, Amphipolis, Anabăfis, Anticyra, Antigonus, et-ne, Antilochus, Antiochus, Antiopa, Antipas, Antipăter, Antiphănes, Antiphates, Antiphila, Antiphon, Anytus, Apulus, Areopagus, Ariminum, Arměnus, Athěfis, Attalus, Attica; Biturix, Bructěri; Calăber, Callicrătes, Calliftrătus, Candace, Cantǎber, Carneǎdes, Cherilus, Chryfoftomus, Cleombrotus, Cleoměnes, Corycos, Conftantinopolis, Craterus, Cratylus, Creměra, Crustuměri, Cyběle, Cyclădes, Cyzicus; Damocles, Dardanus, Dejŏces, Dejotărus, Democritus, Demipho, Didymus, Diogenes, Drepǎnum, Dumnorix; Empedocles, Ephěfus, Evergětes, Eumenes, Eurymědon, Euripylus; Fucinus; Geryones, Gyărus; Hecyra, Heliopolis, Hermione, Herodotus, Hefiodus, Hefione, Hippocrates, Hippotămos, Hypăta, Hypănis; Icarus, Icetas, Illyris, Iphitus, Ifmărus, Ithaca; Laodice, Laomedon, Lampsăcus, I.amyrus, Lapithæ, Leucretilis, Lipăre, v. -a, Lyfimachus, Longimanus; Marathon, Mænalus, Marmarica, Maffagětæ, Matrona, Megara, Melitus, et -ta, Metropolis, Mutina, Myconus; Neocles, Neritos, Noricum; Omphale; Patara, Pegafus, Pharnaces, Pififtratus, Polydamas, Polyx

ěna, Porsěna, or Porfenna, Praxitěles, Puteoli, Pylades, Pythagoras; Sarmătæ, Sarsina, Seměle, Semiramis, Sequăni, et -a, Seriphos, Sicoris, Socrates, Sodoma, Sotades, Spartacus, Sporădes, Strongyle, Stymphălus, Sybaris; Taygetus, Telegonus, Telemachus, Tenědos, Tarraco, Theophanes, Theophilus, Tomyris; Urbicus; Veněti, Vologěfus, Volŭfus; Xenocrates; Zoilus. Zopyrus.

The penult of feveral words is doubtful; thus, Batăvi, Lucan. Batavi, Juv. et Mart. Fortuitus, Horat. Fortuitus, Mart. Some make fortuitus, of three fyllables; but it may be shortened like gratuitus, Stat. Patrimus, matrimus, præftolor, &c. are by fome lengthened, and by fome shortened; but for their quantity there is no certain authority.

2. FINAL SYLLABLES.

A.

1.1. A in the end of a word declined by cases is short; as, Musă templă, Tydea, Lampădă.

Exc. The ablative of the first declenfion is long; as, Musâ, Ænëê; and the vocative of Greek nouna in as; as, 0 Ænea, O Pallá.

A in the end of a word not declined by cafes is long; as, Amā, frußra, præterea, ergā, intrā.

Exc. Ită, quiă, ejă, posteă, pută, (adv.) and fometimes, though more rarely, the prepofitions contră, ultră; and the compounds of ginta; as, triginta, &c.

12. E final is fhort; as,

E.

Natě, fedilě, patrě, currě, nempĕ, antě.

Exc. 1. Monofyllables are long; as, me, te, sẽ: except thefe enclitic conjunctions, quě, vě, ně; and these syllabical adjections, ptě, cě, tě; as, fuaptě, hujufcě, tutě.

Exc. 2. Nouns of the first and fifth declenfion are long; as, Calliōpē, Anchisē, fide. So re-, and die, with their compounds, quare, hodie, pridie, poftridie, quotidiè: Alfo Greek nouns which want the fingular; Cete, mele, Tempe; and the fecond perfon fingular of the imperative of the fecond conjugation; as, Doce, mane; but cave, vale, and vide, are fometimes fhort.

Exc. 3. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declenfion are long; as, placidē, pulchrē, valdē, contracted for valide: To these add ferme, ferè, and obe; alfo all adverbs of the fu perlative degree; as, doctiffimè, fortissime : But bene and malš are short.

I.

13. I final is long; as, Domini, patri, doceri. Exc. . Greek vocatives are thort; as, Alex, Amarylli

Exc. 2. The dative of Greek nouns of the third declenfion which increase, is common; as, Pallădi, Minoĭdi.

Mihi, tibi, fibi, are alfo common: So likewife are ibi, nifi, ubi, quafi; and cui, when a diffyllable, which in poetry is feldom the cafe. Sicubi and necubi are always fhort.

0.

14. O final is common; as, Vergo, amo, quando.

Exc. 1. Monofyllables are long; as, ō, dö, fō, pro: The dative and ablative fing. of the fecond declenfion is long; as, libro dominō : Alfo Greek nouns; as, Didō, and Athō the genit. of Athos: and adverbs derived from nouns; as, certo, falso, paulo. To these add quō, cō, and their compounds, quōvis, quocunque, adeō, ideō; likewife illo, idcircō, citrō, intrō, retrō, ultrō.

Exc. 2. The following words are short; Ego, scio, cedŏ a defective verb, homo, cito, illică, immo, duo, ambo, modo, with its compounds, quomodõ, dummodo, poftmodo: but fome of these are also found long.

4.

Exc. 3. The gerund in DO in Virgil is long; in other poets it is fhort. Ergo, on account of, is long; ergo, therefore, is doubtful.

as,

U and T.

15. U final is long; final is fhort; as, Vultu: Molỹ. B, D, L, M, R, T.

16. B, D, L, R, and T, in the end of a word, are short;

Ab, apud, feměl, precor, caput.

The following words are long, saāl, sōl, nil; pār and its compounds; fär, lär, Nār, cur, für; alfo nouns în er which have eris in the genitive; as, Cratēr, vēr, Ibēr, likewise aër, athēr: to which add Hebrew names; as, Fōb, Daniel, David.

M final anciently made the foregoing vowel fhort; as, Militům co, Ennius. But by later poets, m in the end of a word is always cut off, when the next word begins with a vowel; thus, milit' ocio ; except in compound words; as, circumăgo, circumeo.

C, N.

17. Cand N, in the end of a word, are long; as,

Ae, sic, non. So Greek nouns in n; as, Titan, Siren, Salamin; Eneān, Anchisën, Circen; Lacedæmon, &c.

The following words are fhort, nec and donec ; forfităn, ăn, for săn, taměn, ăn, viděn; likewife nouns in en which have in in the genitive; as, carměn, criměn; together with feveral Greek nouns; as, Iličn, Pylŏn, Alexin.

The pronoun hic and the verb fac are common.

AS, ES, OS.

18. AS, ES, and OS, in the end of a word, are long; as, Mās, quies, bonōs.

The following words are fhort, anas, es, from fum, and penes; os having offis in the genitive, compos, and impos; also a great many Greek nouns of all these three terminations; as, Arcas, and Arcădăs, herōas, Phryges, Arcados, Tenedos, Mělos, &c. and Latin nouns in es, having the penult of the genitive increafing fhort; as, Ales, hebes, obses. But Cerēs, pariēs, aries, abies, and pes with its compounds, are long.

IS, US, YS.

19. IS, US, and YS, in the end of a word, are fhort; as, Turris, legis, legimus, annus, Capys.

Exc. 1. Plural cafes in is and us are long; as, Pennis, libris, nobis, omnis for omnes, frudûs, manûs: also the genitive fingular of the fourth declenfion; as, portus. But bus in the dat. and abl. plur. is fluort; as, floribus, fru&ibus, rebus.

Exc. 2. Nouns in is are long, which have the genitive in itis, inis, or entis; as, lis, Samnis, Salamis, Simois; To these add the adverbs gratis and foris; the noun glis, and vis, whether it be a noun or a verb; alfo is in the fecond perfon fingular, when the plural has itis; as, audis, abis, pofsis. Ris in the future of the fubjunctive is common.

Exc. 3. Monofyllables in us are long; as, grūs, sūs: alfo nouns which in the genitive have üris, udis, ūtis, un