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Obf. 9. The Latin relative often cannot be tranflated literally into English, on account of the different idioms of the two languages; as Quod cum ita esset, When that was so; not, Which when it was fo, because then there would be two nominatives to the verb was, which is improper. Sometimes the accufative of the relative in Latin must be rendered by the nominative in English; as, Quem dicunt me effe? Who do they fay that I am? not whom. Quem dicunt adventare? Who do they fay is coming?

Obf. 10. As the relative is always connected with a different verb from the antecedent, it is ufually conftrued with the fubjunctive mode, unless when the meaning of the verb is expreffed pofitively; as, Audire cupio, quæ legeris, I want to hear, what you have read; that is, what perhaps or probably you may have read: Audire cupio, quæ legifti, I want to hear, what you have read.

To the conftruction of the Relative may be fubjoined that of the ANSWER TO A QUESTION.

The answer is commonly put in the same case with the question; as,

Qui vocare? Geta, fc. vocor. Quid quæris? Librum, fc. quæro. Quotâ horâ venifti? Sextâ. Sometimes the conftruction is varied; as, Cujus eft liber? Meus, not mei: Quanti emptus eft? Decem affibus. Damnatufne es furti? Imo alio crimine. Often the answer is made by other parts of speech than nouns; as, Quid agitur? Statur, fe. a me, a nobis. Quis fecit? Nefcio: Aiunt Petrum feciffe. Quomodo vales? Bene, male. Scripfiftine? Scripfi, ita, etiam, immo, &c. An vidifti? Non vidi, non, minime, &c. Chærea tuam veftem detraxit tibi? Factum. Et eâ eft indutus? Factum, Ter. Most of the rules of Syntax may thus be exemplified in the form of questions and

answers.

The CONSTRUCTION of CONJUNCTIONS.

LVIII. The conjunctions et, ac, atque, nec, neque, aut, vel, and fome others, couple like cafes and modes; as, Honora patrem et matrem, Honour father and mother.

Nec legit nec fcribit,

He neither reads nor writes. Obf. 1. To this rule belong particularly the copulative and difjunctive conjunctions; as likewise, quam, nifi, præterquam, an; and alfo adverbs of likeness, as, ceu, tanquam, quafi, ut, &c. as,

Nullum præmium a vobis postulo, præterquam hujus diei memoriam, Cic. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra fequitur, Id.

Obf. 2. Thefe conjunctions properly connect the different members of a fentence together, and are hardly ever applied to fingle words, unlefs when fome other word is understood. Hence if the conftruction of the fentence be varied, different cafes and modes may be coupled together; as,

Intereft mea et reipublicæ; Conftitit affe et pluris; Sive es Roma, five in Epiro; Decius cum devoveret, et in mediam aciem irruebat, Cic. Vir magni ingenii fummâque industria; Neque per vim, neque infidiis, Sall. Tecum habita, & nôris, quam fit tibi curta fupellex, Perf.

Óbf. 3. When et, aut, vel, five, or nec, are joined to different members of the fame fentence, without connecting it particularly to any former fentence, the first et is rendered in English by both or likewife; aut or vel, by either; the first five, by whether; and the first nec, by neither; as,

Et legit, et fcribit; fo tum legit, tum fcribit; or cum legit, tum fcribit, He both reads and writes; Sive legit, five fcribit, Whether be reads or writes: Jacere quâ vera, quâ falfa; Increpare quâ confules ipfos, quâ exercitum, to upbraid both the confuls and the army, Liv.

LIX. Two or more fubftantives fingular coupled by a conjunction, (as et, ac, atque, &c.) have an adjective, verb, or relative plural; as,

Petrus et Joannes, qui funt deli,

Peter and John who are learned. Obf. 1. If the fubftantives be of different perfons, the verb plural must agree with the first person rather than the fecond, and with the fecond rather than the third; as, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, If you and Tullia are well, I and Cicero are well, Cic. In English the perfon speaking ufually puts himself last: thus, You and I read ; Cicero and I are well: but in Latin the perfon who fpeaks is generally put first: thus, Ego et tu legimus.

Obf. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, the adjective or relative plural must agree with the mafculine rather than the feminine or neuter; as, Pater et mater, qui funt mortui: but this is only applicable to beings which may have life. The person is fometimes implied; as, Athenarum et Cratippi, ad quos, &c. Propter fummam doctoris auctoritatem et urbis, quorum alter, &c. Cic. Where Athena & urbs are put for the learned men of Athens. So in substantives; as, Ad Ptolemæum Cleopatramque reges legati miffi, i. e. the king and queen, Liv.

Obf. 3. If the fubftantives fignify things without life, the adjec tive or relative plural must be put in the neuter gender; as, Divitiæ, decus, gloria, in oculis fita funt, Sall.

The fame holds, if any of the substantives fignify a thing without life; because when we apply a quality or join an adjective to feveral substantives o different genders, we must reduce the substantives to some certain clafs, under which they may all be comprehended, that is, to what is called their Genus. Now the Genus or clafs which comprehends under it both perfons and things, is that of substances or beings in general, which are neither masculine nor feminine. To exprefs this the Latin grammarians use the word Negotia,

Obf. 4. The adjective or verb frequently agrees with the nearest fubftantive or nominative, and is understood to the reft; as,

Et ego et Cicero meus flagitabit, Cic. Sociis et rege recepto, Virg. Et ego in culpa fum, et tu, Both I am in the fault, and you; or Et ego et tu es in culpa, Both I and you are in the fault. Nihil hic nifi carmina defunt; or nihil hic deeft nifi carmina. Omnia, quibus turbari folita erat civitas, domi difcordia, foris bellum exortum; Duo millia et quadringenti cæfi, Liv. This conftruction is moft ufual, when the different fubftantives refemble one another in fense; as, Mens, ratio, et confilium in fenibus eft, Underfanding, reafon, and prudence is in old men.

Obf. 5. The plural is fometimes used after the prepofition for et; as,

cum put

Remo cum fratre Quirinus jura dabunt, Virg. The conjunction is frequently understood; as, Dum ætas, metus, magister prohibebant, Ter. Frons, oculi, vultus fæpe mentiuntur, Cic.

The different examples comprehended under this rule are commonly referred to the figure Syllepfis.

LX. The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne,utinam, and dummodo, are for the moft part joined to the fubjunctive mode; as,

Lego ut difcam,
Utinam faperes,

I read that I may learn.
1 with you were wife.

Obf. 1. All interrogatives, when placed indefinitely, have after them the subjunctive mode.

:

Whether they be adjectives; as, Quantus, qualis, quótus, quotuplex, uter; Pronouns, as, quis, & cujas; Adverbs, as, Ubi, quo, unde, qua, quorfum, quamdiu, quamdudum, quampridem, quoties, cur, quare, quamobrem, num, utrum, quomodo, quî, ut, quam, quantopere or Conjunctions, as, ne, an, anne, annon: Thus, Quis eft? Who is it? Nefcio quis fit; I do not know who it is. An venturus eft? Nefcio, dubito, an venturus fit. Viden' ut alta ftet nive candidum Soracte, Hor. But thefe words are fometimes joined with the indicative; as Scio quid ago, Plaut. Haud fcio an amat, Ter, Vide avaritia quid facit, Id. Vides quam turpe eft, Cic.

¶ In like manner the Relative QUI in a continued discourse; as, Nihil eft quod Deus efficere non poffit. Quis eft, qui utilia fugiat ? Cic. Or when joined with QUIPPE OF UTPOTE; Neque Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui fequeretur, &c. Sall. But thefe are fome, times, although more rarely, joined with the Indicative. So Eft qui, funt qui, eft quando v. ubi, &c. are joined with the indicative or fubjunctive.

NOTE, Haud fcio an recte dixerim, is the fame with dico, affirmo, Cic.

Q

Obf. 5. The excefs or defect of measure is put in the ablative after comparatives; and the fign in English is by, expreffed or understood; as,

Eft decem digitis altior quam frater, He is ten inches taller than his brother, or by ten inches. Altero tanto major eft fratre, i. c. duplo major, He is as big again as his brother, or twice as big. Sefquipede minor, a foot and a half lefs; Altero tanto, aut fefquimajor, As big again, or a half bigger, Cie. Ter tanto pejor eft; Bis tanto amici funt inter fe, quam prius, Plaut. Quinquies tanto amplius, quam quantum licitum fit, civitatibus imperavit, five times more, Cic. To this may be added many other ablatives, which are joined with the comparative, to increase its force; as, Tanto, quanto, quo, eo, hoc, multo, paulo, nimio, &c. thus, Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, The more they have, the more they delire. Quanto meli, tanto felicior, The better, the happier. We frequently find multo, tanto, quanto, alfo joined with fuperlatives: Multo pulcherrimam eam haberemus, Sall. Multoque id maximum fuit, Liv.

The ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

LXII. A Subftantive and a Participle are put in the ablative, when their cafe depends on no other word; as, SThe fun rifing, or while the fun Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebræ, 2 rifeth, darkness flies away.

Opere peracto, ludemus,

Our work being finished, or when 2 our work is finished, we will play. So, Dominante libidine, temperantiæ nullus eft locus; Nihil amicitiâ præftabilius eft, exceptâ virtute; Opprefsâ libertate patriæ, nihil eft quod fperemus amplius; Nobilium vitâ victuque mutato, mores mutari civitatum puto, Cic. Parumper filentium et quies fuit, nec Etrufcis, nifi cogerentur, pugnam inituris, et dictatore arcem Romanam refpectante, ut ab auguribus, fimul aves rite admififfent, ex compofito tolleretur fignum, Liv.

Obf. 1. This ablative is called Abfolute, because it does not depend upon any other word in the fentence.

any

For if the fubftantive with which the participle is joined, be either the nominative to fome following verb, or be governed by word going before, then this rule does not take place: the abJative abfolute is never ufcd, unless when different perfons or. things are spoken of; as, Milites, boftibus victis, redierunt, The foldiers, having conquered the enemy, returned. Hoftibus victis, may be rendered in English feveral different ways, according to the meaning of the fentence with which it is joined; thus, 1. The enemy conquered, or being conquered; 2. When or after the enemy is or was conquered; 3. By conquering the enemy; 4. Upon the defeat of the enemy, &c.

Obf. 2. The perfect participles of deponent verbs are not used in the ablative abfolute; as, Cicero locutus hæc confedit, never bis locutis. The participles of common verbs may either agree in cafe with the fubftantive before them, like the participles of deponent verbs, or may be put in the ablative absolute, like the participles of paf five verbs; as, Romani adepti libertatem floruerunt; or Romani, libertate adepta, floruerunt. But as the participles of common verbs are seldom taken in a paffive fenfe, we therefore find them rarely ufed in the ablative abfolute.

Obf. 3. The participle exiftente or exiftentibus is frequently underftood; as, Cæfare duce, feil. exiftente. His confulibus, fcil. exiftentibus. Invitâ Minervâ, fc. exiftente, against the grain; Craffa Minervâ, zvithout learning, Hor. Magiftrâ ac duce naturâ; vivis fratribus; te hortatore; Cæfare impulfore, &c. Sometimes the fubftantive must be supplied; as, Nondum comperto, quam regionem hoftes petiffent, i. e. cum nondum compertum effet, Liv. Excepto quod non fimul effes, cætera lætus, Hor. In fuch examples negotio must be understood, or the rest of the fentence confidered as the fubftantive, which perhaps is more proper. Thus we find a verb supply the place of a fubftantive; as, Vale dicto, having faid farewell, Ovid.

Obf. 4. We fometimes find a Subftantive plural joined with a participle fingular; as, Nobis præfente, Plaut. Abfente nobis, Ter. We alfo find the ablative abfolute, when it refers to the fame perfón with the nominative to the verb; as, Me duce ad hunc voti finem, me. milite veni, Ovid. But examples of this conftruction very rarely oc

cur.

Obf. 5. The ablative called abfolute is governed by fome prepo fition understood; as, a, ab, cum, fub, or in. We find the prepofition fometimes expreffed; as, Cum diis juvantibus, Liv. The nominative likewise seems fometimes to be used absolutely'; as, Perniciofa libidine paulifper ufus, infirmitas naturæ accufatur, Sall. Jug 1.

Obf. 6. The ablativé absolute may be rendered several different ways: thus, Superbo-regnante, is the fame with Cum, dum, or quando Superbus regnabat. Opere peracto, is the fame with Poft opus pera&tum, or Cum opus eft peractum. The prefent participle, when used in the ablative abfolute, commonly ends in e.

Obf. 7. When a substantive is joined with a participle in English independently on the rest of the fentence, it is expreffed in the nominative; as, Illo defcendente, He defcending. But this manner of fpeech is feldom ufed except in poetry.

Q.2

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