1. From o are formed am and em..

2. From i; ram, rim, ro, sse, and ssem.

3. U, us, and rus, are form'd from um.

4. All other parts from re do come; as, bam, bo, rem ; a, e, and i; ns and dus; dum, do, and di; as,

-Am-o, -em; Am-avi, -eram, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse; Amat-um, -u, -urus, -us; Am-are, -abam, abo, -arem, a, -ans, andum, di, do; -andus.

Doc-eo, "eain; Doc-ui. -ueram, &c.; Doct-um, -u,-urus, -us; Doc-ere, -ebam, -ebo, -erem, -e, ens, -endum, di. do, -endus.

Leg-o, -am: Leg-i, -eram, &c.; Lect-um, -u, -urus, -us; Leg-ĕre, -ebam, -ērem, -e, -ens, -endum. &c.

Audio. -iam; Aud-ivi, -iveram, &c.; Audit-um, -a, -urus. -us: Aud-ire, -iebam, -irem, i, iens, -iendum, di, do, -iendus So verbs of the third conjugation in io, as, Capio, -iam; Cep-i, -eram, &c.; Capt-um, -u, &c.; Cap-ĕre, -iebam, -ěrem, -e, -iens, -iendum, di, do, -iendus.

The passive voice is formed from the active, by adding r to o, or changing m into r.

But it is much more easy and natural to form all the parts of a verb from the present and perfect of the indicative, and from the supine; thus,

Am-o, abam, -abo, -em, ārem, a or ato, -are. -ans, -andum, di, do, &c. -andus:
Amay-i, -čiam, -ĕrim, -issem, -ĕro, -isse: Amāt-um, -us, -ūrus.

So Doc-eo. ebam, -ebo, -eam, -ērem, -e or -eto, -ere, -ens, -endum, di, &c. -endus; Docu-i, eram, -ĕrim. -issem, -ěro. isse: Doct-um, -us, -ūrus.

Leg-o, -ebam, am, -es, et, &c. -am, -as, ·at, &c. -ěrem, -e or Ito, -ère, ens, -endum, &c. -endus:

Leg-i, -ĕram, &c. Lect-um, -us, «urus :

Cap-io. -iebam, iam, -ies. -iet. &c. -iam, -ias, &c. -ěrem, -e or -Ito, •ĕre, -iens, -iendum, iendus: Cep-i, -ĕram, &c. Capt-um, -us, -ūrus.

Audio, -iebam, &c. Audīv-i, -ěram, &c.

A verb is commonly said to be conjugated, when only its principal parts are mentioned, because from them all the rest are derived.

The first person of the Present of the indicative is called the Theme or the Root of the verb, because from it the other three principal parts are formed.

The letters of a verb which always remain the same, are 'called Radical letters; as, am in`am-o. The rest are called the Termination; as, abamus in am-abamus.

All the letters which come before -āre, -ēre, -ère, or -īre, of the infinitive, are radical letters. By putting these before the terminations, all the parts of any regular verb may be readily formed, except the compound tenses.

Signification of the Tenses in the various Modes.

The tenses formed from the present of the indicative or infinitive signify in general the continuance of an action or passion, or represent them as present at some particular time: the other tenses express an action or passion completed; but not always so absolutely, as entirely to exclude the continuance of the same action or passion; thus, Amo, I love, do love or am loving; amabam. I loved, did love, or was loving, &c. Amavi, I loved, did love, or have loved, that is, have done with loving, &c.

In like manner, in the passive voice; Amor, I am loved, I am in loving, or in being Javed, &c.

Past time in the passive voice is expressed several different ways, by means of the auxiliary verb sum, and the participle perfect; thus,

Indicative Mode.

Perfect. Amatus sum, I am, or have been loved, or oftener, I was loved.
Amatus fui. I have been loved, or I was loved.

Plu-perfect. Amatus eram, I was or had been loved.

Amatus fueram, I had been loved.

Subjunctive Mode.

Perfect. Amatus sim, I may be or may have been loved.
Amatus fuerim, I may have been loved.

Plu-perfect. Amatus essem, I might, could, would, or should be or have been loved Amatus fuissem I might, could, would, or should have been loved; or had been loved.

Future, Amatus fuero, I shall have been loved.

The verb sum is also employed to express future time in the indicative mode, both active and passive; thus,

Amaturus sum, I am about to love, I am to love, I am going to love, or I will love.
We chiefly use this form, when some purpose or intention is signified.
Amatus ero, I shall be loved.

Obs. 1. The participles amatus and amaturus are put before the auxiliary verb, because we commonly find them so placed in the classics.

Obs. 2. In these compound tenses the learner should be taught to vary the participle like an adjective noun, according to the gender and number of the different substantives to which it is applied; thus, amatus est he is or was loved, when applied to a man ; amata est, she was loved, when applied to a woman; amatum est, it was loved, when applied to a thing; amati sunt, they were loved, when applied to men, &c The con necting of syntax, so far as is necessary, with the inflection of nouns and verbs, seems to be the most proper method of teaching both.

Obs. 3. The past time and participle perfect in English are taken in different meanings, according to the different tenses in Latin which they are used to express. Thus, "I loved," when put for amabam, is taken in a sense different from what it has when put for amavi: so amor, and amatus sum, I am loved ; amabar, and amatus es am, I was loved; amer, and amatus sim. c. In the one, loved is taken in a present, in the other, in a past sense This ambiguity arises from the defective nature of the English verb.

Obs. 4. The tenses of the subjunctive mode may be variously rendered according to their connexion with the other parts of a sentence. They are often expressed in En glish as the same tenses of the indicative, and sometimes one tense apparently put for another.

Thus, Quasi intelligan', qualis sit, As if they understood, what kind of person he is, Cic. In facinus jurasse putes, You would think, &c. Ov. Eloquar an sileam? Shall I speak out, or be silent? Nec vos arguerim, Teuc i for arguam, Virg. Si quid te fu gerit, ego perierim, for perihe, Ter. Hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem ; Et preferre, soror, potero: for potuissem and possem, Virg. Singula quid referam? Why should I mention every thing? ld Prædice: es mihi, You should have told me before hand, Ter. At tu dictis, Alhane, maneres, Ought to have stood to your word, Virg. Citius crediderim, I should sooner believe, Juv. Hauserit ensis, The sword would have destroyed, Virg Fuerint irati, Grant or suppose they were angry. Siid fecisset, If he did or should do that, Cic. The same promiscuous use of the tenses seems also to take place sometimes in the indicative and infinitive; and the indicative to be put for the subjunctive; as, Animus meminisse horret, luctuque refugit, for refugit, Virg. Fuerat melius for fuisset, Id. Invidiæ dilapsa erat, for fuisset, Sall. Quamdiu in portum venis for venisti, Plaut. Quam mor navigo Ephesum, for navigabo, Id. Tu si hic sis, aliter sentias, Ter. For esses and sentires. Cato affirmat, se vivo, illum non triumphare, for triumphaturum esse, Cic. Persuadet Castico, ut occuparet, for occupet, Cæs.

Obs. 5 The future of the subjunctive, and also of the indicative, is often rendered by the present of the subjunctive in English; as, nisi hoc faciet, or fece it, unless he do this, Ter.

Obs. 6. Instead of the imperative we often use the present of the subjunctive; as, va leas, farewell; huc venias come hither, &c. And also the future both o. the indicative and subjunctive; as. non occides, do not kill; feceris, do not do it; valebis, meque, amabis, farewell, and love me. Cic.

The present time and the preter-imperfect of the infinitive are both expressed under the same form. All the varieties of past and future time are expressed by the other two tenses. But in order properly to exemplity the tenses of the infinitive mode, we must put an accusative, and some other verb, before each of them; thus,

Dicit me scribere; he says that I write, do write, or am writing.
Dixit me scribĕre; he said that I wrote, did write, or was writing.
Dieit me scripsisse; he says that 1 wrote, did write, or have written.
Dixit me scripsisse; he said that I had written.

Dicit me scripturum esse; he says that I will write.

Dixit nos scripturos esse; he said that we would write.

Dicit nos scripturos fuisse; he says that we would have written.

Dicit literas scribi; he says that letters are written, writing, a writing, or in writing.
Dirit literas scribi; he said that letters were writing, or written.
Dicit literas scriptas esse; he says that letters are or were written.
Dicit literas scriptas fuisse; he says that letters have been written.
Dixit literas sc iptas fuisse; he said that letters had been written.
Dicit literas scriptum iri he says that letters will be written.
Dixit literas scriptum iri; he said that letters would be written.

The future, scriptum ii, is made up of the former supine, and the infinitive passive of the verb eo, and therefore never admits of any variation.

The future of the infinitive is sometimes expressed by a periphrăsis or circumlocution; thus, scio fore vel futurum esse ut scribant, ut literie scribantur ; I know that they will write, that letters will be written Sivi fo e vel futurum esse ut scriberent, -ut literae scriberentur; I knew that they would write, &c. Scivi futurum fuisse, ut litere scriberentur; I knew that letters would have been written. This form is necessary in verbs which want the supine.

Obs. 7. The different tenses, when joined with any expediency or necessity, are thus expressed:

Scribendum est mihi, puro, nobis. &c. literas; I, the boy, we, &c. must write letters. Scribendum fuit mihi, puero, nobis, &e. I must have written, &c.

Scribendum erit mihi, I shall be obliged to write.

Scio scribendum esse mihi liras; I know that I must write letters.
-Scribendion fuisse mihi ;—that I must have written.

Dixit scribendum fo e mihi; He said that I should be obliged to write.

Or with the participle in dus,

Lite a suns ribindo mih, puero, hominibus. &e. or a me, puero, &c.; Letters are to be. or must be written by me by the boy, by men, &c. So literæ scribenda, erunt, fue runt, erum &c. Si literie scribendæ sini, essent forent,&c. Scio lileras scribendas esse: I know that letters are to be, or must be written. Scivi literas scribendas fuisse; I knew that letters ought to have been, or must have been written.

Note. Most of the simple tenses of a verb in Latin may be expressed, as in English, by the participle and the auxiliary verb sum; as Sum amans, for amo, I am loving; eram amans, or amābam, &c. Fui te carens, for carui, Plaut. Ut sis sciens, for ut scias, Ter Only the tenses in the active which come from the preterite, and those in the passive which come from the present, cannot be properly expressed in this manner: because the Latius have no participle perfect active, nor participle present passive. This manner of expression, however does not often occur.

1. Compound and simple verbs form the preterite and supine in the same manner; as,

Věco, vĭcāvi, văcăium, to call: so, rèvŏco, revůcūvi, revocātum, to recal.

Exc. 1. When the simple verb in the preterite doubles the first syllable of the present, the compounds lose the former syllable; as, pello, pěpůli, to beat; repello, répŭli, never repepuli, to beat back. But the compounds of do, sto, disco, and posco, follow the general rule; thus, ēdisco, ēdīdici, to get by heart; deposco, depoposci, to demand: so, præcurro, præcucurri; rèpungo, rèpúpŭgi.

Exc. 2. Compounds which change a of the simple verb into i, have e in the supine; as, facio, feci, factum, to make; perficio, perfeci, perfectum, to perfect. But compound verbs ending in do and go; also the compounds of habeo, plăceo, săpio, sălio, and statuo, observe the general rule.

2. Verbs which want the preterite, want likewise the supine.

SPECIAL RULES.

First Conjugation.

Verbs of the first conjugation have āvi in the preterite, and atum in the supine; as,

Creo, creāvi, creātum, to create, păro, părāvi, părātum, to prepare.-So,

Abundo, to abound.
Accuso, to change with a
crime,

Adumbro, to shade, to deli

niate.

Y ico, to build.
Estimo, to value.
Ambilo, to woulk.

Amplio, to enlarge, to put
off a cause.
Animo, to encourage.
Anticipo, to anticipate.
Antiquo, i. e. antiqua probo,
to reject a lowo.
Appello, to call.
Appropinquo, to approach.
Arieto, to push like a ram.
Apto, to fit.
Aro, to plough.

Ascio, to cut or hew.
Assěvēro, to affirm.
Ausculto, to listen.

Auctoro, to engage for ser

vice.

Collineo to aim at, to hit Desolo, to lay waste.

the mark.
Colo, to strain.
Communico, to impart.
Compăro, to compare.
Compenso, to make amends.
Compĕrendino, to put of a
cause to the day after to

Destino, to destine
Dico, to dedicate.
Discepto, disputo, to debate.
Diss po, to scatter.
Dolo, to hew or cut.
Dono, to present.
Duplico, to double.
Educo, to bring up.
Ejulo, to wail, to weep.
Emancipo, to free a son
from the power of his fa
ther.
Emendo, to amend.
Enucleo, to take out the ker-
nel, to explain.

Enodo, to unknit, to explain.
Equito, to ride.

Erro, to wander.

Examino, to examine to try.
Exantlo, to empty,to endure.
Exăro, to plough up, to
scrawl, to write fast.
Exentěro, to take out the
guts.

Existimo, to think.
Exploro, to search,
Extrico, to disentangle.
Fabrico, to frame.
Fascino, to be witch.
Fatigo, to weary.
Fermento. to leaven with
dough, to ferment with.
Festino, to hasten.
Flagito, to dun.
Flagro to be on fire.
Flo, to blow.
Facilio, refocillo, to cher

ish, to warm.

Fodico, to pierce or push.

Persevēro, to continue con- Strigo, to breathe, or rest in