Deterior, worse, deterrimus. Propior, nearer, proximus, nearest or next. 2. The following want the comparative : Inclytus, inclytissimus, renowned. Měritus, meritissimus, deserving. Nuperas, nuperrimus, late. Săcer, sacerrimus, sacred. 3. The following want the superlative : Adolescens, adolescentior, young. Diuturnus, diuturnior, lasting. Ingens, ingentior, huge. Juvenis, junior, young. Õpimus, opimior, rich. Pronus, pronior, inclined downwards. Senex, senior, old. To supply the superiative of juvenis, or ådolescens, we say, minimus natu, the young. est; and of senex, maximus natu, the oldest. Adjectives in ilis, āiis, and bilis, also want the superlative; as, civilis, civilior, civil; rēgālis, regalior, regal; flēbilis, -ior, lamentable. So, juvenilis, youthful; exīlis, small, &c. To these add several others of different terminations: Thus, arcānus,-ior, secret; declivis, -ior, bending downwards; longinquus, -ior, far off; propinquus, -ior, near. Anterior, former. sequior, worse; sutior. better, are only found in the comparative. 4. Many adjectives are not compared at all; such are those compounded with nouns or verbs; as, versicolor, of divers colours; pestifer, poisonous: also adjectives in us pure, in ivus, inus, rus, or imus, and diminutives; as, dubius, doubtful; văcuus, empty; fugitivus, that fieth away; mātīīīnus. early; cănŏrus, shrill; lēgitimus, lawful; tenellus, somewhat tender; majusculus, &c.; together with a great many others of va rious terminations; as almus, gracious; præcox, -ocis, soon or early ripe; mirus, égé nus, lucer, měmur, sospes &c. This defect of comparison is supplied by putting the adverb magis before the adjec tive for the comparative degree; and valde or maxime for the superlative; thus, egēnus, needy; magis egenus, more needy; valde or marime egenus, very or most needy. Which form of comparison is also used in those adjectives which are regularly compared. PRONOUN. A Pronoun is a word which stands instead of a Noun. Thes. I stands for the name of the person who speaks; thou for the name of the per son addressed. Pronouns serve to point out objects whose names we either do not know, or do not want to mention. They also serve to shorten discourse, and prevent the too frequent repetition of the same word; thus, instead of saying, When Casar had conquered Gaul, Cæsar turned Cæsar's arms against Cæsar's country, we say, When Cæsar had con quered Gaul, he turned his arms against his country. ENGLISH PRONOUNS. In English there are five substantive pronouns, I, thou, he, she, and it. The first is used, when one speaks of himself; as, I love: the second, when the person spoken to is the subject of the discourse; as, thou lovest: and the last three in speaking of any other person or thing; as, he, she, or it falls. I is said to be of the first person; thou, of the second and he, she, or it, together with all other words, of the third; and so in the plural number, we, ye, they. Hence these are called Personal Pronouns. The person speaking, and the person spoken to, do not need the distinction of gen der; because they are supposed to be present,and therefore their sex is commonly known, But the third person, or thing spoken of, being frequently absent, and often unknown, requires to be distinguished by different genders; thus, he, she, it, Substantive pronouns in English have three cases, the nominative, the genitive or possessive, and the objective or accusative case, which follows the verb active, or the preposition. Substantive Pronouns, according to their Cases, Numbers, Singular. 2. and Persons. Cases. 1. Nom. 1, thou, he, she, it; Gen. mine, thine, his, hers, its; Acc. me, thee, him, her, it; All other pronouns are adjectives; as, this, that, our, your, &c. A pronominal adJective differs from a common adjective in this, that it does not express quality. Several adjective pronouns do not admit the article before them, because they very much resemble it in their signification; as, that man, &c. From the personal pronouns are formed these pronominal adjectives, my, thy, his, her, our, your, their. Mine and thine are often used as adjectives for my and thy, when zhe substantive following them begins with a vowel. Some adjective pronouns are varied to mark number; as, this, these; that, those. To these add the adjectives other, one, which, when their substantive is not expressed, have in the plural others, ones; as, many others, great ones; in which case they seem to be used as substantives. Who, which, that, are called Relatives, because they refer to some substantive going before, which is therefore called the Antecedent. Who is varied by cases thus, who, whose, whom. His, and whose seem to be contractions for him's and whom's, the pos sessive case being formed from the objective; as, hers from her; mine from me, &c. Who, which, what, whether, are called Interrogatives, when used in asking questions; when used otherwise, they are called Indefinites. Own, and self, in the plural selves, are joined to the possessives, my, our, thy, your, his, her, their; as, my, or mine own hand, myself, yourselves. Self is likewise joined to the substantive pronoun it, as itself. Himself, themselves, seem to be used by corruption for hisself, theirselves. LATIN PRONOUNS. The simple pronouns in Latin are eighteen; ĕgo, tu, sui; ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, quis, qui; meus, tuus, suus, noster vesTer; nostras, vestras, and cujas. Three of them are substantives, ego, tu, sui; the other fifteen are adjectives. G. sur, of himself, of herself, of itself, G. sui, of themselves. D. sibi, to himself, to herself, &c. A. se, himself, &c. V. A. se, with himself, &c. D. sibi, to themselves. A. se, themselves, V. A. se,with themselves. Obs. 1. Ego wants the vocative, because one cannot call upon himself, except as a second person; thus, we cannot say, O ego OI; O nos, O we. Obs, 2 Mihi in the dative is sometimes by the poets contracted into mi. Obs. 3 The genitive plural of ego was anciently nostrorum and nostrarum; of tų, vestrorum and vestrarum, which were afterwards contracted into nostram and vestrên We commonly used nostrum and vestrúm, after partatives, numerals, comparatives, or superlatives; and nostri and vestri after other words. The English substantive pronouns he, she, it, are expressed in Latin by these pronominal adjectives, ille, iste, hic or is; as, Ille, for the masc. illa, for that or, ille, he; illa, she; : the fem. illud, for the neut. illud, it, or that; thus, A. illum, illam, illud, Ipse, he himself, ipsa, she herself, ipsum, itself; and iste, ista, istud, that, are declined like ille; only ipse has ipsum in the nom. acc. and voc. sing. neut. Ipse is often joined to ego, tu, sui; and has in Latin the same force with self in English, when joined with a possessive pronoun; as, ego ipse, I myself. Quis, quæ, quod, or quid? which, what? Or quis? who? or what man? que? who? or what woman? quod or quid? what? which thing? or what thing? thus, Sing. V. quis, quæ, quod or quid, N. qui, G. cujus, cujus, cujus, D. cui, cui, cui, Plur. quæ, quæ, G. quorum, quarum, quorum, 4. quem,quam, quod or quid, A. quos, quas, quæ, Ꮴ . A. quo, qua, quo. Ꮴ . A. queis or quibus, &c. Qui, quæ, quod, who, which, that; Or vir qui, the man who or that; foemina que, the woman who or that; negotium quod, the thing which or that genit. vir cujus, the man whose or of whom; mulier cujus, the woman whose or of whom; negotium cujus, the thing of which, seldom whose, &c. . thus, The other pronouns are derivatives, coming from ego, tu, and sui. Meus, my or mine; tuus, thy or thine; suus, his own, her own, its own, their own, are declined like bonus, -a, -um; and noster, our; vester, your, like pulcher, -chra, -chrum, of the first and second declension. Nostras, of our country; vestras, of your country; cujas, of what or which country, are declined like felix, of the third declension: gen. nostrātis, dat. nostrāti, &c. Pronouns as well as nouns, that signify things which cannot be addressed or called upon, want the vocative. Meus hath mi, and sometimes meus, in the voc. sing. masc. The relative qui has frequently qui in the ablative, and that, which is remarkable, in all genders and numbers. Qui is sometimes used for quis: and instead of cujus, the gen. of quis, we find an adjective pronoun, cujus, -7, -um. Simple pronouns, with respect to their signification, are divided into the following classes 1 Demonstratives, which point out any person or thing present, or as if present. Ego, tu, hic, iste, and sometimes ille, is, ipse. 2. Relatives, which refer to something going before: ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, qui. 3. Possessives, which signify possession: meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester. 4. Patrials or Gentiles, which signify one's country: nostras. vestras, cujas. 5. Interrogatives, by which we ask a question: quis cujas? When they do not ask a question, they are called Indefinites, like other words of the same nature. 6. Reciprocals, which again call back or represent the same object to the mind: sui and suus. Compound Latin Pronouns, Pronouns are compounded variously: 1. With other pronouns; as, ithic, isthoc, isthoc, isthuc, or istuc. Acc. Isthunc, isthanc, isthoc, or isthuc. Abl. Isthoc, isthac, isthoc. Nom. and acc. plur. neut. isthæc, * of iste and hic. So illic, of ille and hic. 2. With some other parts of speech; as hujusmodi, cujusmodi, &c. mēcum, tēcum, sēcum, nobiscum, vobiscum, quocum or quicum and quibuscum eccum, eccam; eccos, eccas, and sometimes ecca, in the nom. sing. of ecce and is. So ellum, of ecce and ille. 3. With some syllable added; as, tute of tu and te, used only in the nom. egomet, tūtěmet, suimet, through all the cases, thus, meimet, tuimet, &c. of ego, tu, sui, and met. Instead of tumet in the nom. we say, tutemet: hiccine, hæccine, c. in all the cases that end in c; of hic and cine: Meapte, tuapte, suapte, nostrapte, vestrapte, in the ablat. fem. and sometimes meopte, tuopte, &c. of meus, &c. and pte: hicce, hæcce, hocce: hujusce, hicce, hirce, hosce: of hic, and ce: whence hujuscemōdi, ejuscemodi, cujuscemodi. So IDEM, the same, compounded of is and dem, which is thus declined: The pronouns which we find most frequently compounded, are quis and qui. Quis in composition is sometimes the first, sometimes the last, and sometimes like wise the middle part of the word compounded; but qui is always the first. 1. The compounds of quis, in which it is put first, are, quisnam, who? quispiam, quisquam any one; quisque, every one; quisquis, whosoever; which are thus declined: And so in the other cases, according to the simple quis. But quisquis has not the fem. at all, and the neuter only in the nominative and accusative. Quisquam has al |