ficias, and incita or incitas, in the acc. plur.; thus ire inficias, to deny; ad incitas redactus, reduced to a strait or nonplus; ingratiis, in the abl. plur. in spite of one; and these ablatives singular, noctu, in the night-time; diu, interdiu, in the day-time; promptu, in readiness; nātu, by birth; injussu, without command or leave; ergô, for the sake, as, ergo illius. Virg. Ambage, f. with a winding or a tedious story; compede, m. with a fetter; casse, m. with a net; veprem, m. a briar: Plur. ambāges, -ibus, compedes, -ibus; casses, -ium; vepres, -ium, &c.

3. Some are used in two cases only, and therefore called diptōta; as, něcesse, or -um, necessity; võlūpe, or volup, pleasure; instar, likeness, bigness; astu, a town; hir, the palm of the hand; in the nom. and acc. singular; vesper, m. abl. vespère, or vespĕri, the evening; siremps, the same, all alike, abl. strempse; spontis, f. in the genitive, and sponte in the ablative, of its own accord so impětis, m. and impète, force; verbĕris, n. genit. and verbère, abl. a stripe; in the plural entire; verbera, verberum, verberìbus, &c. rèpetundarum, abl. repetundis, sc. pecuniis, money unjustly taken in the time of one's office, extortion; suppětiæ, nom. plur. suppetias, in the acc. help; inferiæ, inferias, sacrifices to the dead.

4. Several nouns are only used in three cases, and therefore called triptōta; as, prěci, precem, prece, f. a prayer, from prex, which is not used: in the plural it is entire, preces, precum, precibus, &c. Feminis, gen. from the obsolete femen, the thigh; in the dat. and abl. sing. ; in the Dica, a process, acc. nom. acc. and voc. plur. femina.

sing. dicam, pl. dicas; tantundem, nom. and acc. tantidem, genit. even as much. Several nouns in the plural want the genitive, dative and ablative; as, hiems, rus, thus, mětus, mel, far, and most nouns of the fifth declension.

To this class of defective nouns may be added these neuters, mělos, a song; měle, songs: epos, a heroic poem ; căcoēthes, an evil custom; cete, whales; Tempe, plur. a beautiful vale in Thessaly, &c. used only in the nom. acc. and voc.; also grates, f. thanks.

5. The following nouns want the nominative, and of consequence the vocative, and therefore are called tetraptota: vicis, f. of the place or stead of another; pecudis, f. of a beast; sordis, f. of filth; dìtiōnis, f. of dominion, power; opis, f. of help. Of these pecudis and sordis have the plural entire; ditionis wants it altogether vicis is not

used in the genitive plural; õpis in the plural, generally signifies wealth, or power, seldom help. To these add nex, slaughter; daps, a dish of meat; and frux, corn; hardly used in the nominative singular, but in the plural mostly entire.

6. Some nouns only want one case, and are called pentaptōta: thus, os, the mouth; lux, light; fax, a torch, together with some others, want the genitive plural. Chaos, n. a confused mass, wants the genit. sing. and the plural entirely; dat. sing. chao. So satias, i. e. satietas, a glut or fill of any thing. Situs, a situation, nastiness, of the fourth decl. wants the gen. and perhaps the dat. sing. also the gen. dat. and abl. plur.

Of nouns defective in number there are various sorts.

1. Several nouns want the plural, from the nature of the things which they express. Such are the names of virtues and vices, of arts, herbs, metals, liquors, different kinds of corn, most abstract nouns, &c. as, justitia, justice ; ambitus, ambition; astus, cunning; musica, music; apium, parsley; argentum, silver; aurum, gold; lac, milk; trīticum, wheat; hordeum, barley; vēna, oats; juventus, youth, &c. But of these we find several sometimes used

in the plural.

2. The following masculines are hardly ever found in the plural:

3. The following feminines are scarcely used in the plural:

Argilla, æ, potter's earth.

Fama, -, fame.

Humus, i, the ground.

Lues, is, a plague.

Plebs. plebis, the common people.

Pubes, is, the youth.

Quies, ētis, rest.

Sălus, utis, safety.

Sitis, is, thirst.

Supellex, ctilis, household furniture.
Tabes, is, a consumption.

Tellus, -ūris, the earth.

Vespera, æ, the evening.

4. These neuters are seldom used in the plural:

Album, i, a list of names.

Diluculum, i, the dawning of day.

Ebur, Oris, ivory.

Gēlu, ind. frost.

Hilum, i, the black speck of a bean, a trifle.

Justitium, i, a vacation, the time when courts do not sit,

Lethum, death.

Lutum, -i, clay.

Nihil, nihilum, or nil, nothing.
Pelagus, i, the sea.

Pěnum, -i, and penus, -ŏris, all kinds of
provisions.

Sal, sălis, salt.
Senium, -ii, old age.
Ver, vēris, the spring.
Virus, i, poison.

5. Many nouns want the singular; as, the names of feasts, books, games, and several cities; thus,

6. The following masculines are hardly used in the singular :

7. The following feminines want the singular number :

Dire, imprecations, the fu- Lactes, ium, the small

Manubiæ, spoils taken in

8. The following neuter nouns want the singular :

Lautia, provisions for the entertainment
of foreign ambassadors.
Lustra, dens of wild beasts.
Māgālia, -ium, cottages.
Moenia, ium, the walls of a city.
Munia, -iorum, offices.

Orgia, the sacred rites of Bacchus.
Ŏvilia, -ium, an inclosure where the peo-
ple went to give their votes.
Paiearia, -ium, the dewlap of a beast.
Părăpherna, all things the wife brings
her husband except her dowry.
Părentālia, -um, solemnities at the fune
ral of parents.

Philtra, love potions.
Fræcordia, the bowels.

Several nouns in each of the above lists are found also in the singular, but in a different sense; thus, castrum, a castle; litera, a letter of the alphabet, &c.

III. REDUNDANT NOUNS.

Nouns are redundant in different ways: 1. In termination only; as, arbos and arbor, a tree. 2. In declension only; as laurus, genit, lauri and laurus, a laureltree; sequester, tri, or tris, a mediator. 3. Only in gender; as. hic or hoc vulgus, the rabble. 4. Both in termination and declension; as, mātĕria, - or materies, -iei, matter; plebs, -is, the common people, or plebes, is, ei, or contracted, plebi. 5. In termination and gender; as, tonitrus, ús, masc. tonitru, neut. thunder. 6. In de elension and gender; as, pěnus. i, and us, m or f. or penus, -ŏris, neut. all kinds of provisions. 7. In termination, gender, and declension; as, other,ĕris, mase and athra, æ, fem. the sky. 8. Several nouns in the same declension are differently va ried; as tigris, -is, or idis, a tyger; to which may be added, nouns which have the same signification in different numbers; as, Fidena, -œ; or Fidence, -arum, the name of a city.

The most numerous class of redundant nouns consists of those which express the same meaning by different terminations; as, menda, -œ; and mendum -i, a fault; cassis, -idis; and cassida, -dæ, a helmet.

Acinus, & -um, a grape-stone.
Alvear, &e, & -ium, a bee-hive.
Amarăcus, & -um, sweet morjoram.
Ancile, & ium, an oval shield.

Angiportus, -ûs, & -i, & -um, a narrow

lane.

Aphractus, & -um, an open ship.
Aplustre, & -um, the flag, colours.
Bắculus, & -um a staff.
Balteus, & -um, a belt.
Batillus, &-um, a fire-shovel.
Căpulus, & -um, a hilt.
Căpus, & -o, a capon.
Cepa, & e, indec. an onion.
Clypeus, &um, a shield.
Colluvies, &io, filth, dirt.
Compages, & -go, a joining.
Conger, & -grus, a large cel.
Crocus, & um, saffron.
Cubitus, &um, a cubit.

Diluvium, & -es, a deluge.

So,

Glūtinum, & -en, glue.

Hebdomas, & -ǎda, a week.

Intrīta, & -um, fine mortar, minced meat
Librarium, & -a, a book-case.
Mācĕria, & -es, -iei, a wall.
Milliare, & ium, a mile.

Monitum &us, ·ûs, an admonition.
Muria, & -es, -iëi, brine or pickle.
Näsus, &um, the nose.

Obsido, & -um, a siege.

Oestrus, & -um, a gad-bee.

Ostrea, & -um, an oyster.

Peplus, & -um, a veil, a robe.
Pistrina, & -um a bake-house,
Prætextus, -us, & -um, a pretext.
Rapa, &um, a turnip.
Ruma, &-men, the cud.
Ruscus, &-um, a brush.
Seps, & sepes, f. an hedge.

Segmen. & -mentum, a piece or paring.
Sibilus, &-um, a hissing.

Elephantus, & Elephas, antis, an ele Sinus, & um, a milk-pail.

phant.

Elegus, & -eia, an elegy.

Essěda, &um, a chariot,

Spurcitia, & -es, nastiness.
Stramen, & -tum, straw.
Suffimen &tum, a perfume.
Tignus, & -um, a plank.
Toral, & ale, a bed-rovering.
Torcular, & are, a wine-press.
Viscus, & um, bird-time.
Veternus, &um, a lethargy.

Note. The nouns which are called variable and defective, seem originally to have been redundant; thus, vasa-orum, properly comes from vasum, and not from vas

but custom, which gives laws to all languages, has dropt the singular and retained the plural; and so of others.

Division of Nouns according to their signification and deri

vation.

1. A substantive which signifies many in the singular aumber, is called a Collective noun; as, populus, a people; exercitus, an army.

2. A substantive derived from another substantive proper, signifying one's extraction, is called a Patronymic noun; as, Priămides, the son of Priamus; etias, the daughter of Eētes; Nērīne, the daughter of Nereus. Patronymics are generally derived from the name of the father; but the poets, by whom they are chiefly used, derive them also from the grandfather, or from some other remarkable person of the family; sometimes likewise from the founder of a nation or people; as, acides, the son, grandson, great-grandson, or one of the posterity__of Eăcus; Romulida, the Romans, from their first king Romulus.

Patronymic names of men end in des; of women in is, ds, or ne. Those in des and ne are of the first declension, and those in is and as, of the third; as, Priamides, -dæ, &c. pl. dæ, -darum, &c.; Nērine, -es; Tyndāris, -idis or -idos ; Eetias, -ădis, &c.

3. A noun derived from a substantive proper, signifyang one's country, is called a Partial or Gentile noun; as, Tros, Trois, a man born at Troy; Troas, -ădis, a woman born at Troy. Siculus, -i, a Sicilian man; Sicēlis, -idis, a Sicilian woman: so, Macedo, -õnis; Arpīnas, -ātis, a man born in Macedonia, Arpinum; from Troja, Sicilia, Macedonia, Arpinum. But partials for the most part are to be considered as adjectives, having a substantive understood; as, Romānus, Atheniensis, &c.

4. A substantive derived from an adjective, expressing simply the quality of the adjective, without regard to the thing in which the quality exists, is called an Abstract; as, justitia, justice; bonitas, goodness; dulcedo, sweetness: from justus, just; bonus, good; dulcis, sweet. The adjectives from which these abstracts come, are called Concretes; because, besides the quality, they also suppose something to which it belongs. Abstracts commonly end in a, as, or do, and are very numerous, being derived from most adjectives in the Latin tongue.

5. A substantive derived from another substantive, signi