PHERECRATIAN. The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spondee, dactyle, and spondee; thus, Nīgris æquoră | vēntīs. Horat. 7. PHALEUCIAN. The Phaleucian verse consists of five feet; namely, a spondee, a dactyle, and three trochees; as, Summām nec mětů- | ās di- |ēm, něc loptěs. Martial. 8. The GREATER ALCAIC. The Greater Alcaic, called likewise Dictylic, consists of four feet, a spondee or iambus, iambus and cesura, then two dactyles; as, Virtus repül- sæ nesciă sordide. Ho at. 9. ARCHILOCHIAN. The Archilochian iambic verse consists of four feet. In the first and third place, it has either a spondee or iambus; in the second and fourth, always an iambus; and in the end, a cesura; as, Nēc sū- | mĭt, aūt | pōnīt | secūs | rēs. Horat. 10. The LESSER ALCAIC. The Lesser Dactylic Alcaic consists of four feet; namely, two dactylés and two trochees; as, Arbitrio popů. | lārīs | aūræ, Horat. Of the above kinds of verse, the first two take their names from the number of feet of which they consist. All the rest derive their names from those by whom they were either first invented, or frequently used. There are several other kinds of verse, which are named from the feet by which they are most commonly measured such as the dactylic, trochaio anap.estic, and iambic. The last of these is most frequently used. 11. IAMBIC. Of Iambic verse there are two kinds. The one consists of four feet, and is called by a Greek name Dimeter; the other consists of six feet, and is called Trimeter. The reason of these names is, that among the Greeks two feet were considered only as one measure in iambic verse; whereas the Latins measured it by single feet, and therefore called the dimeter quaternarius, and the trimeter senarius. Originally this kind of verse. was purely iambic, i. e. admitted of ao other feet but the iambus; thus, Dimeter, Inr- sit æstão suis. Horat Time'er Suis | et ipsă Rō- | mă vĩ- | rĭbūs | rũit. Id. But afterwards, both for the sake of ease and variety, different feet were admitted into the uneven or odd places; that is, in the first, third, and fifth places, instead of an iambus, they used a spondee, a dactyle, or an anapæstus, and sometimes a tribrachys. We also find a tribrachys in the even places, i. e. in the second place, and in the fourth; for the last foot must always be an iambus; thus, Dimeter, Canidĭ ¦ ǎ trā- Į ctāvīt | dăpes. Horat. Vide-ra propě- | rāntēs | dómum. Id. Trimeter, Quoquỡ | se lè- | stí rũi | tis aut cur dēx | tĕris. Id. Pavīdām- que lěpõ- [ vo aūt ãd | vēnām | jāq55] grūēm. Id. In comic writers we sometimes find an iambic verse consisting of eight feet, therefore called Tetrameter or Octonarius. FIGURES IN SCANNING. The Several changes made upon words to adapt them to the verse are called Figures in Scanning. The chief of these are the Synula pha, Ecthlipsis, Synerěsis, Diærěsis; Systole, and Diastole. 1. SYNALEPHA is the cutting off of a vowel or diphthong, when the next word begins with a vowel; as, Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant. Virg. to be scanned thus. Cōntĭcŭ. | er' ōm | nēs in- | tēntī- | qu' ōrå tẽ- | nēbānt. The Sy alapha is sometimes neglected; and seldom takes place in the inter ections, ô, heu, ah, proḥ, ve vih, hei; as, as, O pater hominum, Divâmque terna pot stas Virg. Long vowels and diphthongs, when not cut off are sometimes shortened; Insuke Tonio in magno. quas dira Celeno. Virg. Credimus? an. qui amant ipsi sibi somnia fingunt. Id. Victor apud rapidum Simoënta su Iho alto. Ter sunt conat imponere Pelio Ossam. 2. ECTALIPSIS is when m is cut off, with the vowel before it in the end of a word, because the following word begins with a vowel; as, O curas hominum! O quantun. est in rebus inane! Pers. thus, O cũ | rās homỸ- | n', 5 quân- it' ēst în rēbus în | ānē. Sometimes the Synalpha, and Ecthlipsis are found at the end of a verse; as, Sternitar infelix alieno vulnere, cœlumque · Adspicit, et dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos. Virg. Ardua cernebant juvenes, murosque subibant. Id. These verses are called Hypermetri, because a syllable remains to be carried to the beginning of the next line; thus qu' Adspicit; ? Ardua. 3. SYNERESIS is the contraction of two syllables into one, which is likewise called Crasis; as, Phethon, for Phaethon. So ei in Thesei, Orphei, deinde, Pompei; ùi, in huic. cui; öi, in proinde; ëã, in aureâ; thus, Notus amor Phedre, nota est injuria Thesej. Ovid. Proinde tona eloquio, solitum tibi Veg Id. ⚫ Filius huic contrà, torquet qui sidera mundi. So in antehac eadem, alvearia, deest, deerit, vehemens, anteit, eodem, alveo, graveolentis, omnia, semiunimis, semihma, fluviorum, totius, promontorium, &c.; as, Und eademque vid sanguisque animusque ferentur. Virg. Id Vilis amicorum est annona, bonis ubi quid deest Hor. Ving. Hor. Virg. Vehemens et liquidus puroque simillimus amni. Hor. To this figure may be referred the changing of i and u into j and v, or pronouncing them in the same syllable with the following vowel; as in genva, tenvis; arjetat, tenvia, abjete, pitvita; parjetibas, Nasidjenus for genua, tenuis, &c.; as, Propterea qui corpus aque naturaque tenvis. Luce. Id. Hor. 4. DIERESIS divides one syllable into two; as, aulai, for aulæ ; Tröiæ, for Troja; Perseus for Perseus; milius for milvus; soüit, or stivit; voliu, for volvit, aqür, sietus, suasit, süevos, retangüit, reaquas, for aquæ, suetus, &c. as, Aula, in medio i:babant pocula Bacchi. Vi g. Pentum Tibullus. ld. Ovid, Lucr. Horat. Lucr. Lucan. Ovid. Lucr. Reliquas tamen esse vias in mente patenteis. 5. SYS COLE IS when a long syllable is made short; as the penult in tulerunt; thus, Mauri louga decem tulĕrunt, fastidia menses. Virg. 6. DIASTŎLE IS when a syllable usually short is made long; as the last syliable in umor, in the following verse, Considant, si tantus amor, et ma condant. Virg. To these may be subjoined the Figures of Diction, as they are cailed, which are chiefly used by the poets, though some of then likewise trequently occur in prose. 1. When a letter or syilable is added to the beginning of a word, it is called PROSTHĕsis; as, gnuvus for navus; letůl for uli. When a letter or syllable is interposed in the middle of a word it is called EPENTHESIS; as, velgi for religio; induperator for imperator. When a letter or syllable is added to the end, it is called PARAGOGE; as, dicier for dicî. 2. If a letter or syilable be taken from the beginning of a word, it is called APH esis; as natus for gnatus, tenderunt for tetenderant. If from the middle of a word, it is called SYNCOPE; as, dixi, for dixisti; deûm, for deo um. If from the end, APOCOPE; as, viden', for videsne; Ant ni, for Antonii. 3. When a letter or syllable is transposed, it is called METATHĕsis; as, pistris, for pristis: Lybia, for Libya. When one letter is put for another, it is called ANTITHESIS; as fuciundum for faciendum; olli, for illi; voltis, for vullis. DIFFERENT KINDS OF POEMS. Any work composed in verse is called a Poem, (Poema or Carmen.) Poems are called by various names, from their subject. their form,the manner of treating the subject and their style. 1. A poem on the celebration of a marriage is called an EPITHALAMIUM; on a moururul subject, an ELEGY or LAMENTATION; in praise of the Supreme Being, a HYMN; in praise of any person or thing, a PANEGYRIC or ENCOMIUM; on the vices of any ne a SATIRE or INVECTIVE; a poem to be inscribed on a tomb, an EPITAPH, &c. 2. A short poem adapted to the lyre or harp is called an ODE, whence such com. positions are called Lyri poems: a poem in the form of a letter is called an EPIS TLE: a short witty poem, playing on the ancies or conceits which arise from any subject, is called an EPIGRAM, as those of Catullus and Martial. A sharp, nnex. pected lively turn of wit in the end of an epigram. is called its Point. A poem expressing the moral of any device or pierure, is called an EMBLEM A poem containing an obscure question to be explained is called an ENIGMA or RIDDLE. When a character is described so that the first letters of each verse, and sometimes the middle and final letters express the name of the person or thing described, it is called an ACROSTIC; as the following on our Saviour: Inter cunca micans I gniti side a cœl 1, 3. From the manner of treating a subject, a poem is either Exegetic, Bramatis, or Mixt The Exegetic, where the poet always speaks himself, is of three kinds, Historical Didactic. or Instructive, (as the Satire or Epistle), and Descriptive O. the Dramane, the chief kinds are COMEDY, representing the actions o ordinary life, generally with a happy issue; and TRAGEDY. representing the actions and distresses of illustrious personages commonly with an unhappy issue. To which may be added Pasto al poems, or BUCOLICS, representing the actions and conversations of shepherds, as most of the eclogues of Virgil. The Mid kind is where the poet sometimes speaks in his own person, and son etimes makes other characters to speak. O this kind is chiefly the EPIC or HEROIC poem, which treats of some one great transaction of son e great illustrious person, with its various circumstances; as the wrath of Achilles in the Ihad of Homer; the settlement of Eneas in Italy in the Æneid of Virgil; the fall of man in the Paradise Lost of Milton, &c 4 The style of poetry, as of prose, is of three kinds, the simple, ornate, and subLime. COMBINATION OF VERSES IN POEMS. In long Poems there is commonly but one kind of verse used. Thus Virgil, Lucretius, Horace in his Satires and Epistles, Ovid in his Metamorphōses. Lucan, Silius Italicus, Valerius Flaccus, Juvenal, &c. always use Hexameter verse; Plautus, Terence, and other writers of Comedy, generally use the lambic, and sometimes the Trochaic. It is chiefly in shorter poems, particularly those which are called Lyric poems, as the odes of Horace and the Psalms of Buchanan, that various kinds of verse are com bined. A poem which has only one kind of verse, is called by a Greek name, MONOCOLON, Sc poema, v. carmen; or MONOCOLOS, Sc. ode; that which has two kinds, DICOLON; and that which has three kinds of verse, TRI COLON. If the same sort of verse return after the second line, it is called DrcoLON DISTRŎPHON; as when a single Pentameter is alternately placed after an HEXAMETER, which is named Elegiac verse, (earmen Elegiăcum), because it was first applied to mournful subjects; thus, Flebilis indignos. Elegea soive capillos; Ovid This kind of verse is used by Ovid in all his other works except the Metamorphoses; and also for the most part by Tibullus, Propertius, &c. When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and after three lines returns to the first, it is called Dicoln Tristrophon; when after four lines Dicolon Tetrustrophon; as, Auream quisquis mediocritatem Sobrius aulâ Horat. When a poem consists of three kinds of verse. and after three lines always returns to the first, it is called Trico on Tristrophon; but if it returns after four lines, it is called Tricolon Tetrastropson; as, when after two greater dactylic alcaic verses are subjoined an archlechain iambic and a lesser dactylie aleaic which is named Carmen Horatianum, or Horatian verse, because it is frequently used by Horace; thus, Virtus recludens immeritis mori Sperit huum rugiente pennå. Any one of these parts of a poem, in which the different kinds of verse are comprehended, when taken by itself, is called a Strophe, Stanza, or Staff. DIFFERENT KINDS OF VERSE IN HORACE AND BUCHANAN. 1. ODES and PSALMS of one kind of verse. 1. Asclepiadean, See No 3. p. 270. Hor. I. 1. V. 8. III. 30.Buch 2. Choriambic Alcaic Pentameter, consisting of a spondee, three cho- 3. Iambic trimeter, N° 11.-Hor. Epod. 17.- -Buch. Ps. 25, 94, 106. 5. Iambic Dimeter, N° 12.-Buch. Ps. 13, 31, 37, 47, 52, 54, 59, 86, 6. The Greater Dactylic Alcaic, N° 8.-Buch. Ps. 26, 29, 32, 49, 61, 7. Trochaic, consisting of seven trochees and a syllable; admitting alse 8. Anapestic, consisting of four anapestuses, admitting also a spondee 9. Anacreontic Iambic, consisting of three iambuses and a syllable; in II. ODES and PSALMS of two kinds of verse following one another al- 1. Glyconian and Asclepiadean, No 4. and 3.-Hor. I. 3, 13, 19, 36. III. 2. Every first line, (Dactylico-Trochaic,) consisting of the first four feet 3. The first line Hexameter; and the second, Alcmanian Dactylic, 4. Every first line, Aristophanic, consisting of a choriambus, and bac 5. The first line, (Trochaic,) consisting of three trochees, and a casu- 6. The first line, Hexameter; the second (Dactylic Archilochian,) 7. The first line, Iumbic Trimeter; and the second, Iambic Dimeter, 8. The first line, Iambic Dimeter, the second Sapphic,) consists of 9. The first line, Hexameter; the second, Iambic Dimeter. Hor. Epod: 10. Hexameter and Iambic Trimeter. Hor. Epod. 16. Buch. Ps. 2, |