subject to another; as, Horat. Od. ii. 13. 13. In strong passion, a change of person is sometimes used; as, Virg. En. iv. 365, &c. xi. 406, &c. 16. SUSPENSIO, or Sustenatio, is when the mind of the hearer is long kept in suspense; to which the Latin inversion of words is often made subservient. 17. CONCESSIO is the yielding of one thing to obtain another; as, Sit fur, sit sacrilegus, &c. at est bonus imperator, Cic. in Verrem, v. 1. PROLEPSIS, Prevention or Anticipation, is when an objection is started and answered. ANACOINOSIS, or Communication, is when the speaker deliberates with the judges or hearers; which is also called Diaporesis or Addubitatio. LICENTIA, or the pretending to assume more freedom than is proper, is used for the sake of admonishing, rebuking, and also flattering; as, Vide quam non reformidem, &c. Cic. pro Ligario APOSTOPĕSIS, or Concealment, leaves the sense incomplete; as, Quos ego sed præstat motos componere fluctus, Virg. 18. SENTENTIA, (gnome,) a sentiment, is a general maxim concerning life or manners, which is expressed in various forms; as, Otium sine literis mors est, Seneca. Adeo in teneris assuescere multum est, Virg. Probitas laudatur & alget; Misera est magni, custodia census; Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus, Juv. As most of these figures are used by orators, and some of them only in certain parts of their speeches, it will be proper that the learner know the parts into which a regular formal oration is commonly divided. These are, 1. The Introduction, the Exordium or Proœmium, to gain the good. will and attention of the hearers: 2. The Narration, or Explication: 3. The argumentative part, which includes, Confirmation or proof, and Confutation or refuting the objections and arguments of an adversary. The sources from which arguments are drawn, are called Loci, topics; and are either intrinsic or extrinsic; common or peculiar. 4. The Peroration, Epilogue, or Conclusion. THE QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. The quantity of a syllable is the space of time taken up in pronouncing it. That part of grammar which treats of the quantity and accent of Syllables, and of the measures of verse, is called PROSODY. Syllables with respect to their quality, are either long or short, A long syllable in pronouncing require's double the timeof a short; as, tĕndĕrē. Some syllables are common; that is, sometimes long, and sometimes short; as the second syllable in volucris. A vowel is said to be long or short by nature, which is always so by custom, or by the use of the poets. In polysyllables or long words, the last syllable except one is called the Penultima, or, by contraction, the Penult, and the last syllable except two, the Antepenultima. When the quantity of a syllable is not fixed by some particular rule, it is said to be long or short by authority; that is, according to the usage of the poets. Thus le in lego is said to be short by authority, because it is always made. short by the Latin poets. In most Latin words of one or two syllables, according to our manner of pronouncing, we can hardly distinguish by the ear a long syllable from a short. Thus le in lego and legi seem to be sounded equally long; but when we pronounce them in composition, the difference is obvious; thus, perlēgo, perlegi; relego, -ĕre; relego, -are, &c. The rules of quantity are either General or Special. The former apply to all syllables, the latter only to some certain syllables. GENERAL RULES. I. A vowel before another vowel is short; as, Měus, alius: so nihil; h in verse being considered only as a breathing. In like manner in English, create, běhave. Exc. 1. I is long in fio, fiebam, &c. unless when followed by r; as, fieri, fièrem; thus, Omnia jam fient, fieri quæ posse negabam, Ovid. Exc. 2. E having an i before and after it, in the fifth declension, is long; as, speciei. So is the first syllable in. der, dius, eheu, and the penultima in aulai, terrãi, &c. in Pompei, Cai, and such like words; but we sometimes find Pompei in two syllables, Horat. Od. II. 7 Exc. 3. The first sylable in ohe and Diana is common; so likewise is the penult of genitives in ius; as, illius, unius, &c. to be read long in prose. Alius, in the genit. is always long, as being contracted for aliius; alterius, short. In Greek words, when a vowel comes before another, no certain rule concerning its quantity can be given. Sometimes it is short: as, Danae. Idea, Sophia, Symphonia. Simois, Hỹades, Phǎon, Deucalion, Pygmalion, Thebǎis, &c Often it is long as, Lycaon, Machãon, Didymãon; Amphion, Arion, Ixion, Pat- dion; Nais, Lais, Achaia; Briseis, Cadmeis; Latous, & Latõis, Myrtõus, Nereius, Priameius; Achelõïus, Minoius; Archelaus. Menelaus, Amphiaraus: Eneas, Pe neus, Epeus, Acrisioneus, Adamanteus, Phoebeus, Giganteus; Darius, Basirius, Eugenius, Bacchius; Cassiopea, Cæsarea, Charonea, Cytherea, Galatea, Laodicea, Medea, Panthea, Penelopea; Clio, Enyo Elegia. Iphigenia, Alexandria, Thalia, Antiochía, idololatria, litania, politia, &c. Laertes, Deiphobus, Dēïjanīra, Trões, he rões, &c. Sometimes it is common: as, Chorea, platea, Malea, Nereïdes, canopeum, Orion, Ge ryon, Eos, eõus, &c. So in foreign words, Michael, Israel. Raphael, Abraham, &c. The accusative of nouns in eus is usually short; as, Orphea, Salmonea, Capharča, e but sometimes long; as, Idomenea, Ilionea, Virg. Instead of Elegia, Cytherea, we find Elegeia, Cytherēta Ovid But the quantity of Greek words cannot be properly anderstood without the knowledge of Greek. In English, a vowel before another is also sometimes lengthened; as, science, idea. II. A vowel before two consonants, or before a double consonant is long (by position, as it is called ;) as, arma, fällo, axis, gāza, mājor; the compounds of jugum excepted; as, bijūgus, quadrijūgus, &c. When the foregoing word ends in a short vowel, and the following begins with two consonants or a double one, that vowel is sometimes lengthened by position; as, Ferte citi flammas, date velā, scandite muros, Virg. But this rarely occurs. A vowel before a mute and a liquid is common; as the middle syllable in volucris, tenebræ, thus, Et primò similis volucri, mox vera volueris, Ovid. Nox tenebras, profert Phoebus fugat inde tenebras, Id. But in prose these words are pronounced short. So peragro, pharetra, podagra, chiragra, celebris, latebræ, e To make this rule hold, three things are requisite. The vowel must be naturally short, the mute must go before the liquid. and be in the same syllable with it. Thus a in patris is made common in verse, because a in pater is naturally short, or always so by custom but a in matris, acris. is always long, because long by nature or custom in mater and acer. In like manner the penult in salubris, ambulacrum, is always long; because they are derived from saius, salutis, and ambulatum. So a in arte, ablus, &c. is long by position, because the mute and the liquid are in different syllables. Land r only are considered as liquids in Latin words; m and n do not take place except in Greek words. III. A contracted syllable is long; as, Nil for nihil; mî, for mihi; cogo, for coago; alius, for aliius; tibicen, for tibiicen; it, for iit; sodes, for si audes ; nólo, for non volo; bīgæ, for bijūgæ; scilicet, for scire licet, S.c. IV. A diphthong is always long; as, Aurum, Cesar, Eubea, &c. Only pre in composition before a vowel is commonly short; as, præire, præustus; thus, Nec totâ tamen ille prior præeunte carinâ. Virg. But it is sometimes lengthened; as, -cum vacuus domino præiret Arion. Statius. In English we pronounce several of the diphthongs short, by sinking the sound of one vowel; but then there is properly no diphthong. SPECIAL RULES. 1. CONCERNING THE FIRST AND MIDDLE SYL LABLES. Preterites and Supines of Two Syllables. V. Preterites of two syllables lengthen the former syllable; as, Veni, vidi, vici. Except bibi, scidi from scindo, fidi from findo, tūli, dědi, and stěti, which are shortened. VI. Supines of two syllables lengthen the former syllable; as, Visum, cāsum, mōlum. Except sătum, from sĕro; cìtum, from cieo; litum, from lino; situm from sino; stătum, from sisto; itum, from eo; dătum, from do; rutum, from the compounds of ruo; quìtum, from queo; rătus, from reor. Preterites which double the first syllable. VII. Preterites which double the first syllable, have both the first syllables short; as, Cēcīdi, tětīgi, pěpůli, pěpĕri, didici, tūtudi: except cěcidi, from cædo; pěpēdi, from pēdo; and when two consonants intervene; as, fefelli, tētendi, &c. INCREASE OF NOUNS. A noun is said to increase, when it has more syllables in any of the oblique cases than in the nominative; as, rex, regis. Here re is called the increase or crement, and so through all the other cases. The last syllable is never es teemed a crement. Some nouns have a double increase, that is, increase by more syllables than one; as, iter, itīnēris. A noun in the plural is said to increase, when in any case it has more syllables than the genitive singular; as, gener, generi, generōrum. Nouns of the first, fourth, and fifth declensions, do not increase in the singular number, unless where one vowel comes before another; as, fructus, fructui; res, rei; which fall under Rule 1. Third Declension. VIII. Nouns of the third declension which increase, make a and o long; e, i, and u short; as, Pietatis, honoris; mulieris, lapidis, murmūris. The chief exceptions from this rule are marked under the formation of the genitive in the third declension. But here perhaps it may be proper to be more particular. A. A noun in A shortens atis in the genitive; as, dogma, -ătis; poema,-ătis. 0. O shortens inis, but lengthens ēnis and ōnis; as, Cardo, žnis; Virgo, -inis; Anio, enis; Cicero, nis. Gentile or patrial nouns vary their quantity. Most of them shorten the genitive; as, Macedo,-õnis ; Saxo, -ěnis. Some are long; as, Suessiōnes, Veltones. Brittones is common. I. C. D. I shortens itis; as, Hydroměli, itis. Ec lengthens -tcis; as, Halec, -ēcis. L. Masculines in AL shorten ǎlis; as, Sul, sălis; Hannibal, -ălis; Hasdrubal,-ălis f but neuters lengthen it; as, animal, -ālis. Solis from sol is long; also Hebrew words in el; as, Michael, -ēbis. in L shorten the crement; as, Vigil, Alis; consul, -ülis. N Other nouns Nouns in ON vary their crement. Some lengthen it; as, Helicon, -ōnis; Chiron, -ōnis. Some shorten it; as. Memnon, -ŏnis; Actœon, -ŏnis. EN shortens inis; as, flumen, inis: tibicen, inis. Other nouns in N lengthen the penult. AN anis; as, Titan, -ūnis: En ēnis; as, Siren, ēnis : In īnis; as, delphin, Finis: YN ynis; as, Phorcyn, -īnis. R. 1. Neuters in AR lengthen aris; as, calcar -āris. Except the following, bacchar, ăris; jubar, -ăris; nectar, -ăris: Also the adjective par, päris, and its compounds, impar,ăris; dispar, -ăris, &c. 2. The following nouns in R lengthen the genitive: Nar nāris, the name of a river; fur, fūris ; ver, vēris: Also Recimer, ēris; Byzer, -ēris; Ser, Sēris; Iber, -eris, proper names. 3. Greek nouns in TER lengthen teris ; as, crater, -ēris ; character, -ēris. Exceptgether. -ĕris. 4. OR lengthens oris ; as, amor,-bris. Except neuter nouns; as, marmor, -bris ; æquor, bris; Greek nouus in tor; as, Hector, -oris; Actor, -oris; rhetor, -oris: Also, arbor,bris, and memor, -oris. 5. Other nouns in R shorten the genitive; AR aris, masc.; as, Cæsar, ·ăris; Hamilcar, -ăris; lar, laris ER eris of any gender; as äer aĕris; mulier, -ĕris : ca• daver, -ĕris; iter anciently itiner itineris; verbĕris, from the obsolete verber. UR uris; as, vultur, -ŭris; murmur, ŭris. YR yris; as, Martyr, Gris. AS. 1. Nouns in AS, which have atis, lengthen the crement; as, pietas, -ātis; Mœcēnas, atis. Except anas, -ätis. 2. Other nouns in AS shorten the erement; as, Greek nouns having the genitive in àdis, ătis, and ănis; thus, Pallas, -adis: artocreas, cătis; Melas, -ănis, the name of a river. So vas, vădis; mas, maris: But vas, vāsis, is long. ES ES shortens the crement; as, miles, Atis; Ceres, ·ēris ; pes, bēdis, Except locuples, -ētis ; quies,-ētis ; mansues, -ētis ; hæres, -ēdis ; merces,-ēdis. 18. Nouns in IS shorten the crement; as, lapis, -idis; Sanguis, inis; Phyllis, dis. Except Glis, gris; and Latin nouns which have itis; as lis litis; dis, dītis ; Qui ris, itis; Samnis itis: But Charis, a Greek noun has Charitis. The following also lengthen the crement: Crenis, dis; Psophis, -idis; Nesis, idis, proper names And Greek nouns in is, which have also in ; as, Satămis, or in, Salaminis. os. Nouns in OS lengthen the crement; as, nepos, -ōtis; flos, Alōris. US. US shortens the crement; as, tempus, -ŏris ; tipus, -ŏdis. Except nouns which have ūdis, ūris, and ūtis; as, incus, •ūdis ; jus, jūris ; salus, tis. But Ligus bas Liguris; the obsolete pecus, pesudis; and intercus, -utis. The neuter of the comparative has ōris; as, melius, -ōris. YS. YS shortens ydis or ydos; as, chlamys, -ýdis, or -ÿdos: and lengthens yais; af, Trachys,-ÿnis. BS. PS. MS. Nouns in S, with a consonant going before, shorten the penult of the genitive ; as eælebs, ibis; inops, -õpis; hiema, hiĕmis. Except Cyclops, rūpis ; seps, sèpis ; gryps, grūphis ; Cercops, -õpis; plebs, plēbis ; hydrops,pis. |