QUIA, sometimes with the indicative, and sometimes with the subjunctive. DUM, for dummodo, provided has always the subjunctive; as. Oderint dum metuant, Cic. And QUIPPE, for nam, always the indic.; as, Quippe vetor futis.

Obs. 4. Some conjunctions have their correspondent conjunctions belonging to them; so that, in the following member of the sentence, the latter answers to the former: thus, when etsi, tametsi, or quamvis, although, are used in the former member of a sentence, tamen, yet or nevertheless, generally answers to them in the latter." In like manner,

Tam-quam; Adeo or ita,ut: in English. As,-as, or so; as, Etsi sit liberalis, tamen non est profusus, Although he be liberal, yet he is not profuse. So prius or ante,quam. In some of these, however we find the latter conjunction sometimes omitted, particularly in English.

Obs. 5. The conjunction ut is elegantly omitted after these verbs, Volo, nolo, malo, rogo, precor, censeo, suadeo, licet, oportet, necesse est, and the like; and likewise after these imperatives, Sine, fac, or facito; as, Ducas volo hodie uxorem; Noto mentiare; Fac cogites, Ter. In like manner ne is commonly omitted after cave; as, Cave facias, Cic. Post is also sometimes understood; thus, Die octavo, quam creatus erat, Liv. 4. 47, scil. post. And so in English, See you do it I beg you would come to me, scil, that.

Obs. 6 Ut and Quod are thus distinguished: ut denotes the final cause, and is com monly used with regard to something future; quod marks the efficient or impulsive cause, and is generally used concerning the event or thing done: as Lego ut discam, I read that I may learn; Gaudeo quod legi, I am glad that or because I have read Ut is likewise used after these intensive words, as they are called, Adeo, ita, sic, cam, talis, tantus, tot, &c.

Obs. 7. After the verbs timeo, vereor, and the like, ut is taken in a negative sense for ne non, and ne in an affirmative sense; as,

Timeo ne faciat, I fear he will do it; Timeo ut faciat, I fear he will not do it. Id paves ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas, Ter. "Ut sis vitalis, metuo, Hor. Timeo ut frater vivat, will noc -ne fruter moriatur, will. But in some few examples they seem to have a contrary meaning,

THE CONSTRUCTION OF COMPARATIVES.

LXI. The comparative degree governs the ablative; as,

Dulcior melle, sweeter than honey. Præstantior auro, better than gold.

Obs. 1. The sign of the ablative in English is than. The positive with the adverb magis, likewise governs the ablative; as, Magis dilecta luce, Virg.

The ablative is here governed by the preposition præ understood, which is sometimesexpressed; as, Fortior præ cæteris. We find the comparative also construed with other prepositions; as, immanior ante omnes, Virg.

Obs. 2. The comparative degree may likewise be construed with the conjunction quam, and then, instead of the

ablative, the noun is to be put in whatever case the sense

requires; as,

Dulcior quam mel, scil. est. Amo te magis quam illum, I love you more than him, that is, quam amo illum, than I love him. Amo te magis quam ille, I love you more than he, i. e. quam ille amat, than he loves. Plus datur a me quam illo, sc. ab.

Obs. 3. The conjunction quam is often elegantly sup pressed after amplius and plus; as,

Vulnerantur amplius sexcenti, Cæs scil. quam. Plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi, He has laid on me more than five hundred blows, Ter. Castra ab urbe haud plus quinque millia passuum locant, sc. quam, Liv.

Quam is sometimes elegantly placed between two comparatives; as,

Triumphus clarior quam gratior, Liv.

Or the prep. pro is added; as, Prælium atrá

cius, quam pro numero pugnantium editur, Liv.

The comparative is sometimes joined with these ablatives, opinione, spe, æquo, justo, dicio; as,

Credibili opinione major. Cic. Credibili fortior, Ovid. Fast. iii. 618. Gravius æque, Sall Dicto citius, Virg. Majora credibili tulimus Liv. They are often understood; as, Liberius vivebat, sc. justo, too freely, Nepos.

Nihil is sometimes elegantly used for nemo or nulli; as, Nihil vidi quidquam lætius, for neminem, Ter. Crasso nihil perfectius, Cic. Aspe rius nihil est humili, cum su git in altum. So quid nobis laboriosius, for quis, &c, Cic. We say, inferior patre nulla re, or quam pater. The comparative is sometimes repeated or joined with an adverb; as, Mugis magisque, plus plusque minus minusque, carior cariorque; Quotidie plus, indies magis, semper candidior candidiorque, &c.

Obs. 4. In English, the relative who after than is always put in the accusative case; as, He is a man, than whom there is none better but here if we substitute a pronoun in place of the relative, the pronoun must be put in the nominative; as, there is none better than he, not, than him. In like manner, it is improper to say, He is better than me, than us than her, than them, &c. It should be, He is better than I, than we, than she, than they, &c. the auxiliary verb being understood to each of

them.

quam

Obs. 5. The relation of equality or sameness is likewise expressed in English by conjunctions; as, Est tam doctus ego, He is as learned as I. Animus erga te idem est ac fuit. Ac and atque are sometimes, though more rarely, used after comparatives; as, Nihil est magis verum atque hoc, Ter.

Obs. 6. The excess or defect of measure is put in the ablative after comparatives; and the sign in English is by, expressed or understood; (or more shortly, the difference of measure is put in the ablative :) as,

Bet decem digitis altior quam frater, He is ten inches taller than his brother, or by ten inches Alero tanto major est fratre, i e. duplo major, he is as big again as his brother, or twice as big. Sesquipede minor. a foot and a half less; Alle o anto, aut sesquimajor as big again, or a half bigger, Cic. Ter tento pejor est; Bis tanto amici sunt inter se, quam prius, Plaut. Quinquies tanto amplius, quam quantum licitum sit civitatibus imperavit five times more. Cic. To this may be added many other abla tives, which are joined with the comparative to increase its force, as, Tante, quanto, quo, co, hoc, multo, paulo, nimio, &c. thus, Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt, The more.

they have, the more they desire. Quanto melior, tanto felicior, The better, the happi er. Quoque minor spes est, hoc magis ille cupit, Ovid. Fast. ii. 766. We requently find multo tanto, quanto, also joined with superlatives; Muito pulcherrimam eam haberemus, Sall. Multoque id maximum fuit, Liv.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

LXII. A Substantive and a participle are put in the ablative, when their case depends on no other word; as,

Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebræ,

pere peracto, ludemus,

The sun rising, or while the sun riset
darkness flies away.

Our work being finished, or when out
work is finished, we will play.

So, Dominante libidine, temperantiæ nullus est locus; Nihil amicitiâ præstabilius est, exceptá virtute; Oppresså libertate patriæ, nihil est quod speremus, amplius Nobilium vitá victuque mu ato, mores mutari civitatum puto, Cic. Pa umper silen tium et quies fuit, nec Etruscis, nisi cogerentur, pugnam inituris, et dictatore arcem Romanam respectante, at ab auguribus, simul aves rite admisissent, ex composto tols teretur signum, Liv. Bellice, depositis clypeo paulisper et hasta, Mars ades, Ovid, Fast iii. 1.

Obs. 1. This ablative is called Absolute, because it does not depend upon any other word in the sentence.

For if the substantive with which the participle is joined, be either the nominative to some following verb, or be governed by any word going before. then this rule does not take place; the ablative absolute is never used, unless when different persons or things are spoken of; as, Milites, hostibus victis, redierunt. The soldiers, having conquered the enemy, returned. Hostibus victis, may be rendered in English several different ways, according to the meaning of the sentence with which it is joined; thus, 1. The ene my conquered, or being conquered: 2 When or after the enemy is or was conquered: 3. By conquering the enemy: 4. Upon the defeat of the enemy, &c.

Obs. 2. The perfect participles of deponent verbs are not used in the ablative absolute; as, Cicero locutus hæc consedit, never his locutis. The participles of common verbs may either agree in case with the substantive before them, like the participles of deponent verbs, or may be put in the ablative absolute, like the participles of passive verbs; as, Romani adepti liberatem floruerunt; or Romani, libertate adeptâ floruerunt. But as the participles of common verbs are seldom taken in a passive sense, we therefore rarely find them used in the ablative absolute.

Obs. 3. The participle existente or existentibus, is frequently understood; as, Caesare duce, scil. existente. His consulibus, scil. existentibus. Invita Minervâ, sc. existente, against the grain; Crassa Minerva, without learning, Hor. Magistra ac duce naturâ; vivis fratribus; te hortatore; Caesare impulsore, &c. Sometimes the substantive must be supplied; as. Nondum comperto, quam regionem hostes petîssent, i. e. cum nondum compertum esset, Liv. Tum demum palam facto, sc. negotio, Id. Excepto quod non simul esses, cætera lætus, Hor. Parto quod avehas, Id. In such exam.

ples negotio must be understood, or the rest of the sentence considered as the substantive, which perhaps is more propper. Thus we find a verb supply the place of a substantive; as, Vale dicto, having said farewell, Ovid.

Obs. 4. We sometimes find a substantive plural joined with a participle singular; as, Nobis presente, Plaut. Absente nobis, Ter. We also find the ablative absolute, when it refers to the same person with the nominative to the verb; as, me duce ad hunc voti finem, me milite, veni, Ovid. Amor. ii. 12. 12. Laetos fecit se consule fastos, Lucan, v. 384. Populo spectante fieri credam, quicquid me conscio fo ciam, Senec de Vit. Beat. c. 20. But examples of this construction rarely occur.

Obs. 5. The ablative called absolute is governed by some preposition understood; as, a, ab, cum, sub, or in. We find the preposition sometimes expressed; as, Cum diis juvantibus, Liv. The nominative likewise seems sometimes to be used absolutely; as, Perniciosa libidine paulisper usus, infirmitas naturæ accusatur, Sall. Jug. 1.

Obs. 6. The ablative absolute may be rendered several different ways; thus, Superbo regnante, is the same with cum, dum, or quando Superbus regnabat. Opere peracto, is the same with Post opus peractum, or Cum opus est peractum. The present participle, when used in the ablative absolute, commonly ends in e.

Obs. 7. When a substantive is joined with a participle in English independently in the rest of the sentence, it is expressed in the nominative; as, Illo descendente, He descending. But this manner of speech is seldom used except in poetry,

APPENDIX TO SYNTAX.

I. VARIOUS SIGNIFICATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS.

[The verbs are here placed in the same order as in Etymology.]

FIRST CONJUGATION.