1

If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative will be the nominative to the verb.

But if a nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative will be of that case, which the verb or noun following, or the preposition going before, use to go

vern.

Thus the construction of the relative requires an acquaintance with most of the foregoing rules of syntax, and may

serve as an exercise on all of them.

Obs. 1. The relative must always have an antecedent expressed or understood, and therefore may be considered as an adjective placed between two cases of the same substantive, of which the one is always expressed, generally the former; as,

Vis qui (vir) legit; vir quem (virum) amo: Sometimes the latter; as Quam quisque nori a tem, in hac (arte) se exerceat, Cic. Eunuchum quem dedisti nobis, quas turbas dedit, Ter. sc. Eunu hus. Sometimes both cases are expressed; as, Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus domo exi e possent, Cars. Sometimes, though more rarely, both cases are omitted; as, Sunt, quos hoc genus minime juvat, for sunt homines, quos homines, &c. Hor.

Obs. 2. When the relative is placed between two substantives of different genders, it may agree in gender with either of them, though most commonly with the former;

as, Vultus quem dixere chaos, Ovid. Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur, Sall. Animal, quem vocamus hominem, Cic. Cogito id quod res est, Ter." If a part of a sentence be the antecedent, the relative is always put in the neuter gender; as, Pompeius se eflixit, quod mihi est summo dolori, scil. Pompeium se afflige e, Cic. Sometimes the relative does not agree in gender with the antecedent. but with some synonimous word supplied; as. Scelus qui for sceirstas, Ter. Abundantia earum rerum, quæ mortales prima putant, scil. negotia, Sall. Vel virtus tua me vel vicinitas, quod go in aliqua parte amicitiæ puro, facit ut te moneam, scil. negotium, Ter. omni Africa, qui agebant; for in omnibus Afis, Sallust. Jug. 89. Non dissidentia futuri, quæ impe avisset, for quod, Ib. 100.

In

Obs. 3. When the relative comes after two words of different persons, it agrees with the first or second person rather than the third; as, Ego sum vir, qui facio, scarcely

facit. In English it sometimes agrees with either; as, I am the man, who make, or maketh. But when once the person of the relative is fixed, it ought to be continued through the rest of the sentence; thus it is proper to say, "I am the man, who takes care of your interest," but if I add," at the expense of my own," it would be improp-er. It ought either to be, his own," or "who take." In like manner, we may say, "I thank you, who gave, who did love," &c. But is improper to say, "I thank thee, who gave, who did love" it should be, "who gavest, who didst love." In no part of English syntax are inaccuracies committed more frequently than in this. Beginners are particularly apt to fall into them, in turning Latin into English. The reason of it seems to be our applying thou or you, thy or your, promiscuously, to express the second person singular, whereas the Latins almost always expressed it by tu and tuus.

Obs. 4. The antecedent is often implied in a possessive adjective; as,

Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui haberem gnatum tali ingenio præditum, Ter. Sometimes the antecedent must be drawn from the sense of the foregoing words; as, Carne pluit, quem imbrem aves rupuisse feruntur; i. e pluit imbrem carne, quem imbrem, c. Liv. Si tempus est ullum jure homines ne andi, quæ multa sunt, scil. tempora, Cic.

Obs. 5. The relative is sometimes entirely omitted; as, Urbs antiqua fuit: Tyrii te nuere coloni, scil. quam or eam Virg. Ori once expressed, is afterwards omitted, so that it must be supplied in a different case; as. Bocchus cum peditibus, quos filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna adfuerant, Romanos invadunt; for quique in priore pugna non adfuerant, Sall. In English the relative is often omitted, where in Latin it must be expressed: as, The letter I wrote, for the letter which I wrote; The man I love, to wit, whom. But this omission of the relative is generally improper, particularly in serious discourse.

Obs. 6. The case of the relative sometimes seems to depend on that of the antece dent; as, Cum aliquid agas eorum, quorum consuest for quæ consuêsti agere, or quorum aliquid agere consuésti, Cic Restitue in quem me accepisti locum, for in Tocum, in quo, Ter And iv. 1. 58. But such examples rarely occur.

Obs. 7. The adjective pronouns, ille ipse, iste hic, is, and idem, in their construc tion, resemble that of the relative qui; as, Liber ejus, His or her book; Vita eorum, Their life, when applied to men; Vita earum, Their life, when applied to women. By the improper use of these pronouns in English, the meaning of sentences is often rendered obscure.

Obs. 8. The interrogative or indefinite adjectives, qualis quantus, quotus, &c are also sometimes construed like relatives; as, Faries est, qualem decet esse sororum, Ovid. But these have commonly other adjectives either expressed or understood, which an swer to them; as. Tania est multitudo quantum urbs capere potest: and are often ap plied to different substantives; as Quales sunt cives, talis est civitas, Cic.

Obs. 9. The relative who in English is applied only to persons, and which to things and irrational animals; but formerly which was likewise applied to persons; as, Our Father, which art in heaven: and whose, the genitive of who, is also used sometimes, though perhaps improperly, for of which. That is used indifferently for persons and things. What, when not joined with a substantive, is only applied to things, and includes both the antecedent and the relative, being the same with that which, or the thing which; as. This is what he wanted; that is, the thing which he wanted.

Obs. 10. The Latin relative often cannot be translated literally into English, on ac count of the different idioms of the two languages: as, Quod cum ita esset, When that was so; not, Which when it was so. because then there would be two nominatives to the verb was, which is improper. Sometimes the accusative of the relative in Latin must be rendered by the nominative in English; as. Quem dicunt me esse? Who do they say that I am; not whom. Quem dicunt adventare? Who do they say is coming? Obs. 11. As the relative is always connected with a different verb from the antecedent, it is usually construed with the subjunctive mode, unless when the meaning of the

verb is expressed positively; as, Audire cupio, quæ legeris. I want to hear what yet have read; that is, what perhaps or probably you may have read; Audire cupio, qua #gisti, I want to hear, what you (actually or in fact) have read.

To the construction of the Relative may be subjoined that of the ANSWER TO A QUESTION.

The answer is commonly put in the same case with the question; as,

Qui vocare? Geta, se. voor. Quid quæris Librum, se. quaero. Quota hora de nisti? Sexta. Sometimes the construction is varied; as, Cujus est liber? Meus, not mei. Quanti emptus est? Decem ossibus. Damnatusne es furti? Imo alio crimine. Often the answer is made by other parts of speech than nouns; as, Quid agitur? Statur, se a me, a nobis. Quis fecit? Nescio: Aunt Petrum fecisse. Quomodo vales? Bene, mate. Scripsistine Scripsi, ite, etiam immo, &e. An videsti? Non vidiş non, minime, &e. Chaerea tuam vestem detraxit tibi? Factum. Et ed est indutus Factum. Ter. Most of the Rules of Syntax may thus be exemplified in the form questions and answers.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS.

LVIII. The conjunctions et, ac, alque, nee, neque, aut, vel, and some others, couple like. cases and modes; as,

Henera patrem et matrem,
Nec legit nee scribit,

Honour father and mother.
He neither reads nor writes.

Obs. 1. To this rule belong particularly the copulative and disjunctive conjunctions; as likewise, quam, nisi, præterquam, an; and also adverbs of likeness; as, ceu, tanquam, quasi, ut, &c. às,

Nullum præmium a vobis postulo, præterquam hujus diei memoriam, Cic. Gloria pirtutem tanquam umbra sequi ur. Id.

Obs. 2. These conjunctions properly connect the differ ent members of a sentence together, and are hardly ever applied to single words, unless when some other word is understood. Hence if the construction of the sentence be varied, different cases and modes may be coupled together;

as,

Interest mea et reipublicæ; Constitit asse et pluris; Sive es Roma, sive in Epiro; Decius cum se devoveret, et in mediam aciem irruebat, Cic. Vir magni ingenii summaque industria; Neque per vim, neque insidiis, Sali. Tecum habita, & nêris, quam sit tibi curta supellex, Pers.

Obs. 3. When et, aut, vel, sive, or nec, are joined to different members of the same sentence, without connecting it particularly to any former sentence, the first et is rendered in English by both or likewise; aut or vel by either ́; the first sive, by whether; and the first nec, by neither; as,

Et legit, et scribit: so tum legit, tum scribit ; or cum legit, tum scribit, He both reads and writes; Sive legit, sive scribit, Whether he reads or writes: Jacere qua vera, quâ falsa; Increpare quâ consules ipsos, quâ exercitum, to upbraid both the consuls and the army, Liv.

LIX. Two or more substantives singular coupled by a conjunction, (as, et, ac, atque, &c.) have an adjective, verb, or relative plu

ral; as,

Petrus et Joannes, qui sunt docti,

Peter and John, who are learned.

Obs. 1. If the substantives be of different persons, the verb plural must agree with the first person rather than the second, and with the second rather than the third; as, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, If you and Tullia are well, I and Cicero are well, Cic. In English the person speaking usually puts himself last; thus, You and I read; Cicero and I are well but in Latin the person who speaks is generally put first; thus, Ego et tu legimus.

:

Obs. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, the ad jective or relative plural must agree with the masculine rather than the feminine or neuter; as, Pater et mater, qui sunt mortui; but this is only applicable to beings which may have life. The person is sometimes implied; as, Athenarum et Cratippi, ad quos, &.c. Propter summam doctoris auctoritatem et urbis, quorum alter, &c. Cic. Where Athenæ & urbs are put for the learned men of Athens. So in substantives; as, Ad Ptolemæum Cleopatramque reges legati missi, i. e. the king and queen, Liv.

Obs. 3. If the substantives signify things without life, the adjective or relative plural must be put in the neuter gender ; as, Divitiæ, decus, gloria, in oculis sita sunt, Sall.

The same holds, if any of the substantives signify a thing without life because when we apply a quality or join an adjective to several substantives of different genders, we must reduce the substantive to some certain class. under which they may all be comprehended, that is, to what is called their Genus. Now the Genus or class which comprehends under it both persons and things, is that of substances or beings in genes ral, which are neither masculine nor feminine. To express this, the Latin grammarians use the word Negotia.

Obs. 4. The adjective or verb frequently agrees with the nearest substantive or nominative, and is understood to the rest; as,

Et go et Cicero meus flagitabit, Cic. Sociis et rege recepto, Virg. Et ego in culpa sum, et tu, Both I am in the fault, and you; or, Et ego et tu es in culpa, Both I and you are in the fault. Nihil hic nisi carmina, desunt; or nihil hic deest nisi carmina. Omnia, quibus turbari solita eras civitas, domi discordia, foris bellum exortum; Duo millia et quadringenti casi, Liv. This construction is most usual, when the different substantives resemble one another in sense, as, Mens, ratio, et consilium, in seni~ bus est, Understanding, reason, and prudence is in old men. Quibus, ipse meique ante Larem proprium vescor, for vescimur, Horat.

Obs. 5. The plural is sometimes used after the preposition eum put for et; as,

Remo cum fratre Quirinus jura dabunt, Virg. The conjunction is frequently na derstood; as Dum ætas, metus, magister prohibebant, Ter. Frons, oculi, vultus sæpe mentiuntur, Cie.

The different examples comprehended under this rule are commonly referred to the figure Syllepsis.

LX The conjunctions ut, uo, licet, ne, utinam, and dummodo, are for the most part joined to the subjunctive mode; as,

Lego ut discam,
Utinam saperes,

I read that I may learn.
I wish you were wise.

Obs. 1. All interrogatives, when placed indefinitely, have after them the subjunctive mode.

Whether they be adjectives; as, Quantus, qualis quotas quotuplex, uter; Pronouns, as, quis & cujas; Adverbs, as, Ubi, quo, unde, quà,quorsum, quamdiu quamdudum quampridem, quoties, cur, quare, quamobrem, num, utrum, quomodo, qui, ut, quam, quantopere; or Conjunctions, as ne, an, anne. annon: Thus, Quis est? Who is it? Nescio quis sit; I do not know who it is. An venturus est? Nescio, dubito, an ventu sus sit; Viden' ut alta flet nive candidum Soracte? Hor. times joined with the indicative as, Scio quid ego, Plaut. Fide avaritia quid faci, Id. Vules quam turpe est, Cic.

But these words are some
Haud scio, an amat. Ter.

In like manner the relative QUI in a continued discourse; as, Nihil est quod Deus efficere non possit. Quis est, qui utila fugiat? Cic. Or when joined with QUIPPE or UTPOTÉ; Neque Antonius procul aberat, utpote qui sequeretur, &c. Sall. But these are sometimes, although more rarely, joined with the indicative. So Est qui sunt qui, est quando v. ubi, &c. are joined with the indicative or subjunctive

NOTE, Haud seio an recte dixerim, is the same with dico, affirmo, Cic.

So in English, if, though, unless, except, whatever, whether, er; also, so, before, ere, till, &c. have after them the subjunctive mode; as, If thou let this man go; If thou be the Son of God; Although my house be not so; Though he stay me; Though he fall, &c. Unless he wash his feet; I will not let thee go except thou bless me; Except it were given from above; Whether it were I or they; Whosoever he be; Whatever be our fate, &c. So likewise that, expressing the motive or end; lest and that annexed to a command preceding; and if with but following it; as, Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall; Beware that thou bring not my son "thither; If he do but touch the hills, they shall smoke.

The nominative case following the verb sometimes supplies the place of if, or though; as, " Had he done this, he had escaped," i. e. if he had done this: Charm he never so wisely," or rather, ever so wisely, i. e. how wisely soever; for, though he charm, &c.

Obs. 2. When any thing doubtful or contingent is signified, conjunctions and indefinites are usually construed with the subjunctive; but when a more absolute or determinate sense is expressed, with the indicative mode; as, If he is to do it; Although he was rich, &c.

Obs. 3. ETSI, TAMETSI, and TAMENETSI QUANQUAM in the beginning ofa sentence, have the indicative; but elsewhere they also take the subjunctive: ETIAMSI And QUAMVIS commonly have the subjunctive, and UT, although, always has it; as, Ut quæras, non eperies, Cic. QUONIAM, QUANDO QUANDOQUIDEM, are us!ly construed with the indicative; SI, SIN, NE, NISI, SIQUIDEM; QUOD, and