Obs. 3. This rule does not take place, unless when the preposition may be disjoined from the verb, and put before the noun by itseif; as, Alioquor patrem, or loquor ad pa

trem.

3. THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERJECTIONS.

XLVI. The interjections O heu, and proh, are construed with the nominative, accusative, or vocative; as,

vir bonus or bane! O good man! Heu me miserum! Ah wretched me!

So, O vir fortis atque amicus! Ter. Heu vanitas humana! Plin. Heu miserande puer! Virg. O præclarum custodem ovium (ut aiunt) lupum! Cic.

XLVII. Hei and va govern the dative; as,

Hei mihi! Ah me!

Væ vobis! Wo to you!

Obs 1. Heus and the are joined only with the vocative; as Heus Syre, Ter. Ohe libelle! Martial. Prol or pro, ob, vah, hem, have generally either the accusative or vo cative; as, Proh hominum fidem! Ter. Proh Sancte Jupiter! Cic. Hem asturias! Ter. Obs. 2. Interjections cannot properly have either concord or government. They are only mere sounds excited by passion, and have no just connexion with any other part of a sentence. Whatever case, therefore, is joined with them, must depend on some other word understood, except the vocative, which is always placed absolutely thus, Heu me miserum! stands for He ! quam me miserum sentio; Hei mihi for Hei! malum est mihi! Proh dolor! for Proh! quantus est dolor! and so in other examples.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES.

The circumstances, which in Latin are expressed in different cases, are, 1. The Price of a thing. 2. The Cause, Manner, and Instrument. 3. Place. 4. Measure and Dis

XLVIII. The price of a thing is put in the

ablative; as,

Emi librum duobus assibus,

Constitit talento,

I bought a book for two shillings.
It cost a talent.

So Asse carum est; vile viginti minis; auro venale, &e. Nocet empta dolore volup tas, Hor. Spem pretio non emam, Ter. Plurimi auró venceunt honores, Ovid.

These genitives tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are excepted; as,

Quanti constitit, How much cost it? Asse et pluris, A shilling and more.

Obs. 1. When the substantive is added, they are put in the ablative; as, părvo pretio, impensa. pretio vendere, Cic.

Obs. 2. Magno, permagno, parvo, paululo, minimo, plurimo, are often used without the substantive; as. Permagno constitit, scil. pretio, Cic. Heu quanto regnis nox stetit una tuis? Ovid. Fast. ii 812. We also say, Emi carè, cartùs, carissimè; bene, meliùs, optimè; male, prjùs, viliùs, vilissimè; Valde carè æstimas: Emit domum prope dimidio cariùs, quam æstimabat, Cic.

Obs. 3. The ablative of price is properly governed by the preposition pro understood, which is likewise sometimes expressed; as, Dum pro argen:eis decem aureus unus va teret, Liv.

2. MANNER AND CAUSE.

XLIX. The cause, manner, and instrument are put in the ablative; as,

Palleo metu,

Fecit suo more,

Scribo calamo,

I am pale for fear.
He did it after his own way.
I write with a pen.

So Ardet dolore; pallescere culpâ; œstuare dubitatione; gestire voluptate vel re cundis rebus: Confectus morbo affectus beneficiis, gravissimo supplicio ; insignis pie. tate; deterior licentia: Pieta e filius, consilis pater, amore frater; hence Rex Dei gratia. Paritur pax belto, Nep Precedere, lento gradu; A cepus regio apparatu: Nullo sono convertitur annus, Juv. Jam veniet tacito curva senecta pede, Ovid. Per cutere securi defendere saxis configere, sagittis, &c.

Obs 1. The ablative is here governed by some prepositions understood. Before the manner and cause, the preposition is sometimes expressed; as, De more matrum locu tast Virg Magno cum metu; Ha de causa: Pre mærore formidine, &c. But hardly ever before the instrument; as Vulnera e al quem gladio, not cum gladio: unless among the poets, who sometimes add a or ab; as, Trojectus ab ense, Ovid.

Obs. 2 When any thing is said to be in company with another, it is called the abla tive of Concomitaney, and has the preposition cum usually added; as, Obsedit curiam cum gladiis: Ingressus est cum gladio, Cic.

Obs. 3. Under this rule are comprehended several other circumstances, as the matter of which any thing is made, and what is called by grammarians the ADJUNCT that is a noun in the ablative joined to a verb or adjective, to express the character or quality of the person or thing spoken of; as, Capitolium saxo quadrato constructum, Liv Fl ruit acumine ingenii, Cic. Pollet opibus, valet armis, viget memoriá fama nobilis, &c. Ager pedibus When we express the matter of which any thing is made, the prepo sition is usually added; as, Templum de marmore, seldom marmoris; Poculum ex au ro factum, Cic.

3. PLACE.

The circumstances of place may be reduced to four particulars. 1. The place where, or in which. 2. The place whither, or to which. 3. The place whence, or from which. 4. The place by, or through which.

AT or IN a place is put in the genitive; unless the noun be of the third declension, or of the plural number, and then it is expressed in the ablative.

TO a place is put in the accusative; FROM Or By a place in the ablative.

But these cases will be more exactly ascertained by reducing the circumstances of place to particularly questions.

1. The Place WHERE.

L. When the question is made by Ubi? Where? the name of a town is put in the genitive; as,

Vixit Roma,

Mortuus est Londini,

He lived at Rome.
He died at London.

¶ But if the name of a town be of the third declension or plural number, it is expressed in the ablative; as,

Habitat Carthagine
Studuit Paristis,

He dwells at Carthage.
He studied at Paris.

Obs. 1. When a thing is said to be done, not in the place itself, but in its neighbourhood, or near it, we always use the preposition ad or apud; as, Ad or apud Trojam, At or near Troy.

Obs. 2. The name of a town, when put in the ablative, is here governed by the preposition in understood; but if it be in the genitive, we must supply in urbe, or in oppido. Hence, when the name of a town is joined with an adjective or common noun, the preposition is generally expressed thus, we do not say. Natus est Romæ urbis cele bris but either Roma in celebri urbe, or in Romæ celebri urbe, or in Roma celebri urbe, or sometimes Romae celebri urbe. In like manner, we usually say, Habitat in urbe Carthagine, with the preposition. We likewise find, Habtat Carthagini, which is sometimes the termination of the ablative, when the question is made by ubi?

2. The Place WHITHER.

LI. When the question is made by Quo? Whither? the name of a town is put in the accusative; as,

Venit Romam,

Profectus est Athenas.

He came to Rome.
He went to Athens.

Obs. 2. We find the dative also used among the poets, but more seldom; as, Carthagini nuncios mittam, Horat.

Obs. 2 Names of towns are sometimes put in the accusative, after verbs of telling and giving, where motion to a place is implied; as Romam erat nunciatum, The re port was carried to Rome, Liv. Hæc nunciant domum Albani, Id. Messanam literas dedit, Cic.

3. The Place WHENCE.

LII. When the question is made by Unde? Whence? or Qua? By or through what place? the name of a town is put in the ablative; as,

Discessit Corintho,
Laodicea iter faciebat,

He departed from Corinth.
He went through Lacdicea.

When motion by or through a place is signified, the preposition per is commonly used; as, Per Thebas iter fecit, Nep.

Domus and Rus.

LIII. Domus and rus are construed the same way as names of towns; as,

Obs. 1. Humi, militiæ, and

He stays at home.
He returns home.
I am called from home.

He lives in the country.

He is returned from the country.
He is gone to the country.

belli, are likewise construed

in the genitive, as names of towns; thus,

Domi et militiæ, or belli, At home and abroad. Jacct humi. He lies on the ground. Obs. 2. When Domus is joined with an adjective, we commonly use a preposition; as, In domo paterna, not domi paternæ; So, Ad domum, paternam : Ex domo paterna. Unless when it is joined with these possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, regius and alienus; as Domi meæ vixit, Cic. Regiam domum comportant, Sall. Obs. 3. When domus has another substantive in the genitive after it, the preposition is sometimes used, and sometimes not; as, Deprehensus est domi, dono, or in domo Cosaris,

LIV. To names of countries, provinces, and all other places, except towns, the preposition is commonly added; as,

When the question is made by

Ubi? Natus in Italia, in Lilio, in urbe, &c.

Quo? Abrit in Italiam, in Latium, in or ad urbem, &c.
Unde? Rediit ex Italia, e Latio, ex urbe, &c.

Qua? Transit per Italiam per Latium, per urbem, Úc.

Obs. 1. A preposition is often added to names of towns ; as, In Roma, for Roma; ad Romam, ex Roma, &c.

Peto always governs the accusative as an active verb, without a preposition; as, Petivit Egyptum, He went to Egypt.

Obs. 2. Names of countries, provinces, &c. are sometimes construed without the pre position like names of towns; as. Pompeius Cypri visus est, Cæs. Creta jussit consi dere Apollo, Virg. Non Lybice for in Lybia; non amè Tyro, for Tyri. Id. Æn. iv. 36. Venit Sardiniam, Cic. Romæ, Numidiæque facinora ejus memorat, Sall.

4. MEASURE AND DISTANCE.

LV. Measure or distance is put in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative; as,

Muras est decem pedes altus,

Urbs distat t iginta millia, or triginta millibus passuum,

Iter, or itinere unius diei,

The wall is ten feet high.

triginta}

The city is thirty miles distant.
One day's journey.

Obs. 1. The accusative or ablative of measure is put af ter adjectives and verbs of dimension; as, Longus, latus, crassus, profundus, and altus: Patet, porrigitur, eminet, &c. The names of measure are pes, cubitus, ulna, passus, digitus, an inch; palmus, a span, an hand-breadth, &c. The accusative or ablative of distance is used only after verbs which express motion or distance; as, Eo, curro, absum, disto, &c. The accusative is governed by ad or per understood, and the ablative by a or ab.

Obs. 2. When we express the measure of more things than one, we commonly use the distributive number; as, Muri sunt denos pedes alti, and sometimes denûm pedum, for denorum, in the genitive, ad mensuram being understood. But the geni tive is only used to express the measure of things in the plural number.

Obs. 3. When we express the distance of a place where any thing is done, we com monly use the ablative; or the accusative with the preposition ad; as, Sex millibus passuum ab urbe consedit, or ad sex millia passum, Cæs. Ad quintum milliarium v milliare consedit, Cic. Ad quintum lapidem, Nep.

Obs. 4. The excess or difference of measure and distance is put in the ablative; as,

Hoc lignum excedit illud digito Toto vertice supra est, Virg. Britanniæ longitudo ejus latitudinem ducentis quadraginta milliaribus superat.

5. TIME.

LVI. When the question is made by Quando? When? time is put in the ablative; as,

When the question as made by Quamdiu? How long? time is put in the accusative or ablative, but oftener in the accusative; as,

Mansit paucos dies,

Sex mensibus abfuit,

He staid a few days
He was away six months.

Or thus, Time when is put in the ablative, time how long is put in the accusative.

Obs. 1. When we speak of any precise time, it is put in the ablative; but when continuance of time is expressed, it is put for the most part in the accusative.

Obs 2. All the circumstances of time are often expressed with a preposition; as, In præsentia, or in præsenti scil tempore; in velad præsens; Per decem annos; Sur gunt de nocte; ad horam destinatam; Intra annum; Per idem tempus, ar Kalendas soluturos ait, Suet. The preposition ad or circa is sometimes suppressed, as in these expressions hoc, illud, ia, isthuc, ætatis, temporis, ho›æ, &c for has ætate, hoc tem pore. And ante or some other word; as, Annos na us unum & viginti, sc. ante. Siculi quotannis tributa conferunt, se, tot annis, quot vel quotquot sunt, Cic. Prope diem, sc. ad soon; Oppidum paucis diebus, quibus ed ventum est, expugnatum, sc. post eos dirs, Crs. Ante diem tertium Kalendas Meias accepi tuus literas, for die tertio ante, Cic Qui dies futurus esset in ante diem octavum Kalendas Novembris. Id Exante diem quintum Kal Octob. Liv. Lacedæmonii septingentos jam annos amplius unis moribus et nunquam mutatis legibus vivunt, sc quam per, Cic. We find, Prionum stipendium meruit annorum decem septemqué, sc. Atticus; for septemdecim an nos natus, seventeen years old, Nep.

Obs. 3. The adverb ABHINC, which is commonly used with respect to past time, is joined with the accusative or ablative without a preposition; as, factum est abhinc biennio or biennium, It was done two years ago. So likewise are post and ante ; as, Paucos post annos: but here, ea or id, may be understood.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

A compound sentence is that which has more than one nominative, or one finite verb.

A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences or phrases, and is commonly called a Period.

The parts of which a compound sentence consists, are called Members or Clauses.

In every compound sentence there are either several subjects, and one attribute, or several attributes, and one subject, or both several subjects and several attributes: that is, there are either several nominatives applied to the same verb, or several verbs applied to the same nominative, or both.

Every verb marks a judgment or attribute, and every attribute must have a subject. There must, therefore, he in every sentence or period as many prepositions, as there are verbs of a finite mode.

Sentences are compounded by means of relatives and conjunctions; as,

Happy is the man who loveth religion, and practiseth virtue.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF RELATIVES.

LVII. The relative Qui, Qua, Quod, agrees with the antecedent in gender, number, and person; and is construed through all the cases, as the antecedent would be in its place; as,