ness of which might be inferred from this striking and most opprobrious fact alone, that while in the United States of America the slaves increase rapidly-so rapidly as to double their number in 20 years-there is, even now, in the British colonies, no increase, but on the contrary a diminution of their numbers. The more immediate objects of the society are, to ameliorate the condition of the slaves, and to facilitate the means by which they may obtain their freedom, and for the accomplishment of these intentions: To remove all the existing obstructions to the manumission of slaves ; To cause the slaves to cease to be chattels in the eye of the law; To prevent their removal, as slaves, from colony to colony, and, under certain modifications, their sale or transfer, except with the land to which they might be attached; To abolish markets and compulsory labour on the Sunday; and to make that day a day of rest, as well as of religious worship and instruction; and also to secure to the slaves equivalent time in each week, in lieu of Sunday, and in addition to any time which independently of Sunday is now afforded them, for cultivating their provision grounds ;To protect the slaves, by law, in the possession and transmission of the property they may thus, or in any other way, acquire;To enable the slave to purchase his freedom, by the payment at once of a fair price for his redemption, or of a fifth part of that price at a time, in return for an additional day in the week to be employed for his own benefit;— To make the testimony of slaves available in courts of justice, both in civil and criminal cases; To relieve all negros and persons of colour from the burden of legally proving their freedom, when brought into question, and to throw on the claimant of their persons the burden of legally proving his right to them;To provide the means of religious instruction for the black and coloured population, and of Christian education for their children ;To institute marriage among the slaves; and to protect that state from violation, and from either forcible or voluntary disruption ;— To put an end to the driving system ;To put an end also to the arbitrary punishment of slaves, and to place their persons as well as property under the guardianship of the law ;To provide that all children born after a certain day shall be free,-care being taken of their education and maintenance until they shall be capable of acting for themselves;— To provide that no colonial governor, judge, attorney-general, or fiscal, shall be a possessor of slaves, or shall have a direct and obvious reversionary interest in such property, or shall be the agent of the proprietors of slaves. The society has further proposed, that the final extinction of slavery should be accomplished, by the redemption of all females from the lowest age, to about 40; by which means, The all their posterity would be born free. cost of this measure is estimated at £300,000; but should parliament refuse to accede to this, or some other effective plan, the society trust that their object will nevertheless be obtained, by bringing free labour into competition with slave labour; so that the latter shall become of so little value as to be not worth retaining. The parent society is supported by many auxiliaries, not fewer than 250 of which are in active operation in various parts of the kingdom; and if they continue to proceed with the energy that has hitherto marked their progress, there can be little doubt but that they will finally succeed in a cause, in which, truth, justice, and every noble principle of human nature, as well as the dictates of religion, are arrayed on their side. ABOLLA, from the Lat. bulla, Roman ornaments, or from the Gr. außoλn avaßoλn, clothing, a warm kind of garment, lined or doubled, worn by the Greeks and Romans, chiefly out of the city, in following the camp.-Abolla seems to have stood opposed to the toga, which was a garment of peace, as the abolla was of war. Kings appear to have used it, and Caligula was jealous of the notice attracted by king Ptolemy for appearing at the shows in a purple one. It was also worn by judges in the execution of their office, whence the phrase of Juvenal: 'Facinora majores abolla.' Mart, viii. 46. v. 1. ABOMASŮM, or ABOMASIUM, names of the fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is in the abomasus of calves and lambs, that the runnet, or earning, is formed, wherewith milk is curdled. See COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. ABOMEY, the capital of Dahomey, on the Slave Coast of Africa, E. of Ashantee, about 100 miles from the sea. It consists of mud houses and huts scattered over a large area, and surrounded by a broad and deep ditch. The king's palaces, of which he has two within the town and one in the suburbs, are said to be ornamented in various parts with human skulls. Cotton is manufactured here with some success, and the colours used in dying it, are both bright and permanent. ABOM'INATE, v. ABOM'INABLE, ABOM'INABLENESS, ABOM'INABLY, ABOMINA'TION. Ab: ominor, to turn away from, as from an evil omen; to deprecate an ill omen; to turn away from, with loathing and detestation; to hate utterly, to execrate. Thei knowlochen that thei knowen God; but bi dedis thei denyen whanne thei ben abomynable, and unbileeful, and reprenable to all good werk. Wiclif. Tyte. chap. 1. Al whom therfore by the whole thousande on an heape (for no fewer he nombreth them) dothe thys dywelyshe dronken soule abomynably blaspheme, and calleth them lyars and falsefiers of scripture, maketh them no better then draffe. Sir Thomas More's Works, p. 679 I abhor such phanatical phantasms, such insociable and point-devise companions, such rackers of orthography, as do speak dout fine, when he should say doubt; det, when he sheaid pronounce debt; d, e, b, t, not d, e, t. He clepeth a calf, cauf; half, hauf: neighbour, vocatur nebour; neigh abbreviated ne; this is abhominable, which he would call abominable: it insinuatcth me of insanie. Ne intelligis Domine, to make frantick,lunatick? Shakspeare's Love's Labour Lost. Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceiv'd, Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were on the right hand of the mount of Corruption, which Solomon, the king of Israel, had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Zidonians, and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcom the abomination of the children of Ammon, did the king defile. 2 Kings, xxiii. 13. The queen and ministry might easily redress this abominable grievance, by endeavouring to choose men of virtuous principles. Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion. Covetousness is idolatry, that the love of money is the root of all evil, that it has occasioned in some even the shipwreck of their faith, and is always, in whomsoever it obtains, an abomination. Cowper's Letters ABON, ABONA, or ABONIS, from abbon, or avon, Celt. a river, the ancient name of a river in Britain, supposed to be the Avon; also a town in Albion, supposed by Camden to be Abingdon, and by others, who argue from the distance, (9 miles from Venta Silurum) to be Porshut, upon Avon, opposite Bristol. ABONY, a flourishing Hungarian settlement, in the Ketskemet and county of Pest. ABORIGINES. The term aborigines, though Ab: orior, to rise from; Of these words abortion and abortive only are in present use. They are all applied to animal and vegetable productions, and to imperfect or unsuccessful mental operations. All th' unaccomplished works of nature's hand, Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. 1. 456. Of unessential night receives him next, Concealed treasures, now lost to mankind, shall be brought into use by the industry of converted penitents, whose wretched carcases the impartial laws dedicate, as untimely feasts, to the worms of the earth, in whose womb those deserted mineral riches must ever lie buried as lost abortments, unless those be made the active midwives to deliver them. WIFERY. ABORTIVE CORN, a distemper of corn mentioned by M. Gillet, and suspected to be occasioned by insects. It appears long before harvest, and may be known by a deformity of the stalk, the leaves, the ear, and even the grain. ABORTIVE VELLUM, is made of the skin of an abortive calf. ABOU-HANIFET, in Mahometan theology, a doctor and founder of a sect in the 8th century, who was imprisoned and died at Bagdad, A.D. 757, for his denial of predestination. His followers became numerous, and a mausoleum was built by one of the caliphs to his memory. ABOUILLONA, or ABELLIONTE, a lake, island, and town of Asiatic Turkey, at the foot of Olympus, and supposed to contain the scite of the ancient Apollonia. It is distant eight miles, and a stream called Lupat communicates from the W. of the lake to the sea of Marmora. ABOUKIR, a town of Egypt, 10 miles N. E. of Alexandria, between the sea, and the lake Mareotis. It is the ancient Canopus, according to M. Savary, and stands upon a ridge of rocks which communicates with Aboukir, a small island, about a league from the town, mentioned by Pliny and Strabo. ABOUKIR BAY, formed by the same ridge of rocks, offered the best landing place which Sir Ralph Abercrombie could select for the disembarkation of the British army in 1801, (see Abercrombie,) and is distinguished in the British annals as the scene of the memorable battle of the Nile, (or of Aboukir,) fought by our intrepid Thou eluish mark'd abortive rooting hogge, How often hast thou waited at my cup, Shakspeare's Henry VI. p. ii. ABOULFEDA, (Ismael,) prince of Hamah in Syria, one of the most celebrated of the Arabian geographers and historians. He was born at Damascus in 1273, and soon became distinguished by his learning. In 1321 he wrote an important geographical work, which Grævius published in London, in 1660. He wrote also the lives of Mahomet and Saladin; the former was printed at Oxford in 1723, and the latter at Leyden in 1732. His Annals of Mahometanism, a work in high estimation, was published with a Latin version at Copenhagen, in 5 vols. 4to. in 17891794. He was a soldier as well as a scholar, and served in several expeditions with his father; was present at the storming of Tripoli in 1289, and in 1291 at the capture of Acre, distinguishing himself as well by his skill as his bravery. He died in 1331. Professor White gives several chapters of extracts from Abulfeda in his Pocock's Specimen Hist. Arabum, Oxon. 1806. ABOULOLA, (Ahmed,) an eminent Arabian poet, blind, like our great Milton; but esteemed one of the principal ornaments of his country. He was born A. D. 973, and died 1057. ABOUTIGE, or ABUTIGE, a market-town in Upper Egypt, near the Nile, where quantities. of poppies grow, of which the natives make the best opium in the Levant. It was formerly the abotis of Stephanus. ABOVE', prep. and adv. Ang. Sax. bufan, be-ufan; top or head. Written variously by our older writers. It designates the upper or uppermost, and is much used as a prefix in composition. And God sent him tokenyng on nyght als he slepe, R. Brunne, p. 32. Milton. Descend from Heav'n, Urania, by that name If rightly thou art call'd, whose voice divine Following, above th' Olympian hill I soar Above the fight of Pegasean wing. The inhabitants of Tirol have many privileges above those of the other hereditary countries of the emperor. Addison. True dignity is his, whose tranquil mind God on thee Abundantly his gifts hath also pour'd: Their chief enterprise was the recovery of the At the whisper of thy word, Crashain Waller Circles are prais'd, not that abound Dryd. Ann. Mir. The river Inn is shut up between mountains covered with woods of fir-trees. Abundance of peasants are employed in hewing down the largest of these trees; that, after they are barked and cut into shape, are tumbled down. Addis. on Italy. If the Prophecies have been fulfilled (of which there is abundant demonstration) the Scripture must be the word of God; and if the Scripture is the word of God, Christianity must be true. Cowper's Letters. ABOUT', prep. and adv. Saxon abuda, on buya, or on boda. The first limit or boundary of any thing. It also implies approximation to other things. About was also used like a verb in the imperative mood, and is so still in nautical phraseology. In this sense it is derived immediately from the French a-bout, a verb being understood. Goggomagog was a geand swipe grete and strong, About him all the sanctities of Heav'n utt'rance. My brain, about again; for thou hast found riosity should be as carefully cherished in children, Locke. Even in the hour of death, he (the good man) considers the pains of his dissolution to be nothing else than the breaking down of that partition which Spenser. stands betwixt his soul, and the sight of that being who is always present, and is about to display himself to him in fulness of joy. Spectator. ABRA, a silver coin of Poland, formerly Communicated, more abundant grows; worth about one shilling sterling, also a coin of Poland of the value of three half-pence. ABRA, an island of the Southern Ocean, in the straits of Magellan, at the entrance of the passage, as it is called. ABRABANEL, ABARBANEL, or AVRAVANEL, (Isaac,) a celebrated rabbi, born at Lisbon, in 1437, and said to be descended from king David. He was counsellor to Alphonso V, and afterwards to Ferdinand I. but was obliged to leave Portugal along with his brethren Jews, in 1492. Though he was an avowed enemy to Christianity in his writings, yet he treated Christians with politeness. The Jews called him the sage, the prince, and the great politician. He wrote a commentary on the Old Testament, which is scarce; a Treatise on the Creation, wherein he refutes Aristotle's notion of the eternity of the world; another on the prophecies relating to the Messiah, against the Christians; with a work concerning articles of Faith, and some others of less importance. He died at Venice in 1508, aged 71. ABRACADABRA, is said to have been the name of a god worshipped by the Syrians, and was recommended as a magical antidote against agues and fevers. It was written in a kind of inverted cone, omitting the last letter of the former every time it was repeated: thus, αβρακαδα βρα αβρακα δα аве the errors of Paulus; but were suppressed by Cyriacus, patriarch of Antioch. ABRAM'S CREEK, a river of North America, entering the Hudson, about 4 miles from the city of that name, in the state of New York. ABRAMIS, in ichthyology, the Cyprinus latus, or bream. ABRANTES, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, seated on the Tajus, and giving name to a marquisate. It is surrounded with gardens and olive yards, and occupies a most romantic situation. Distant 45 miles E. of Lisbon. ABRASA, in medicine, ulcers attended with abrasion of part of the substance, or where the skin is so tender as to be subject to ABRASION. ABRASAX, or ABRAXAS, the name given to the Deity by the Basilidian heretics, and composed of Greek numerals, which amount to the number 365. For Basilides taught that there were 365 heavens between the Empyrean heaven and the earth; each of which had its angel that created it, and each of whom again was created by the next superior angel, thus ascending by a scale to the supreme Creator. Some authors allege that the Basilidians concealed the doctrine of the Trinity, under this word, and that the initials a, ß, p, stand for the Hebrew words Ab, Ben, Rouah, i. e. Father, Son, and Spirit. Windelin, of Tournay, improving upon this, explains the whole word thus, Pater 1 2 αβρα κα α B αβρακα δα αβρακ αδ αβρακα αβρα κ αβρα α ABRADATES, in ancient history, a king of Susa who surrendered himself to Cyrus, and was killed in battle for the Persian cause. Xenoph. Cyrop. v. ABRAHAM, 18, Heb. i. e. Father of a great multitude, the youngest son of Terah, and the 10th in descent from Noah, founder of the Jewish nation. One fourth of the book of Genesis is occupied with his history; and to its ample and authentic details we refer the reader. In the first ages of Christianity, the Sethians dispersed a work entitled Abraham's Revelation; and a work on the Creation, ascribed to him, which is mentioned in the Talmud, was printed at Paris in 1552: Rittangel, a converted Jew, professor at Konigsberg, published it with remarks, in 1642. ABRAHAM, (Nicholas,) a learned Jesuit, of Lorrain, born in 1589, and seventeen years professor of Divinity in the university of Pont-a-Mousson. He wrote a Collection of Theological pieces in folio, entitled Pharus Veteris Testamenti; Notes on Virgil and Nonnius; a Commentary on some of Cicero's Orations, in 2 vols. folio, and other works. ABRAHAMIANS, or ABRAHAMITES, a sect of monks, in the 9th century, who were exterminated by Theophilus for worshipping images; also a sect which, in the 8th century, renewed It is also frequently put for the stone, or medal, on which the word was engraved. ABRASION, in medicine, the wearing away, or paring off, superficial ulcerations. ABRAUM, in natural history, a popular name for a species of red clay, used in England by the cabinet-makers, &c. to give a red colour to new mahogany wood. ABREAST, a maritime phrase, signifying side by side, or even opposite to; and used to denote ships lying, or sailing, with their sides parallel to each other. It has a more particular When the reference to the line of battle at sea. line is formed abreast, the whole squadron advances uniformly and evenly; the commander-inchief being always stationed in the centre, and the ships equi-distant from each other. Abreast of any place, signifies being opposite to it. In the interior of the ship, abreast means to be on the starboard or larboard side of the main hatchway, in opposition to afore or abaft the hatchway. ABREAST. See BREAST. ABREIRO, a market-town of Trast-losMontes, in Portugal, comprehending a district of ten parishes, belonging to the Villa-Real family. ABRENTIUS, in ancient history, the govern c of Tarentum, appointed by Hannibal, who gave up that city to the Romans at the instigation of a beautiful woman. ABRETTENE, or ABRETTINE, in ancient in ancient will take it up for canonical, and make it part of their geography, a district of Mysia, in Asia, from creed and profession. which the epithet Abrettenus was given to Jupiter. Strabo. ABREUVOIR, in military affairs, a tank to receive water in the case of encampment; also, small trenches in stone quarries to carry off the water. ABRI, in military affairs, shelter, or protection, as that derived from a wood, &c. ABRIDGE', v. Abreger, Fr. from the GerABRIDG'ER, man Brechen, to break. Sax. ABRIDG'MENT. Abræccan, nearly synonimous with abbreviate; to shorten, to lessen, to give the same substance, or that portion of it which may be considered necessary in less compass than the original, to make an abstract. Largesse it is, whose priuilege Gower Con. A. b. vii. Surely this commandment containeth the law and the prophets; and, in this one word, is the abridgement of all volumes of Scripture. Hooker, b. ii. sec. 5. THES. Say, what abridgment have you for this evening? What mask? what musick? how shall we beguile Make choice of which your highness will see first. After thou hadst drawn that large and real map of the world, thou didst thus abridge it into this little table of man: he alone consists of heaven and earth, soul and body. Hall's Contemplations. They were formerly, by the common law, discharged from pontage and murage; but this privilege has been abridged them since, by several statutes. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici. It is not barely a man's abridgment in his external accommodations which makes him miserable; but when his conscience shall tell him that it was his sin and his folly which brought him under that abridgment. South. Idolatry is certainly the first-born of folly, the great and leading paradox; nay the very abridgment and sum total of all absurdities. South's Sermons. All trying, by a love of littleness, To make abridgments, and to draw to less Even that nothing, which at first we were. Donne. The constant desire of happiness, and the constraint it puts upon us, no body (I think) accounts an abridgment of liberty; or at least an abridgment of liberty to be complained of. Locke. ABROACH', v. and adv. Sax. Abracan, to break. To abroach, or broach a vessel, is to break into it, to tap it, to prepare to draw off its contents. Hence figuratively, to commence, to set any thing going. Broach has also a different signification, which see under the word. From when had you this doctrine M. Hardinge? who set it first abroche? who taught it? who cofirmed it? who allowed it? Jewel's Defence of the Apologie. Let but some upstart heresy be set abroach, and presently there are some out of a curious humour; others, as if they watched an occasion of singularity, Bishop Wilkins's Discovery of a New World. He set abroach, and for the feast prepar'd Young's Complaint, night ii. Brodan, Abrodan, to broaden, enlarge, extend. ABROAD', adv. Broad from the Ang. Sax. The orthography of this word differs among Opposed to home, or at home. ancient writers. See the following authorities. With thulke stroc he smot al of the scolle and ek the croune, That the brain orn al abrod in the pauiment their Douglas, b. ii. p. 54. Crowns in my purse I have, and goods at home And so am come abroad to see the world. On cherubim and seraphim full royally he rode, Shakspeare's T. Shrew. And on the wings of mighty winds came flying all abroad. Sternhold. Intermit no watch ; Against a wakeful foe; while I abroad, Thro' all the coasts of dark destruction, seek Deliverance. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii. 1. 463. Again the lonely fox roams far abroad, On secret rapine bent, and midnight fraud Now haunts the cliff, now traverses the lawn, And flies the hated neighbourhood of man. Prior. Welcome, Sir! This cell's my court; here have I few attendants, And subjects none abroad. Shaksp. Tempest. Lady walked a whole hour abroad, without dying after it. Pope's Letters. What learn our youth abroad, but to refine The homely vices of their native land? Dryd. Span. Friar. He who sojourns in a foreign country, refers what he sees and hears abroad, to the state of things at home. We have no slaves at home. Atterb. Serm. Why then abroad? Cowper. ABROCHMENT, or ABROCAMENTUM, in old law. See ABBROCHMENT. ABʼROGATE, Į Ab rogo: Rogare legem, ABROGATION, or facere rogationem populi, among the Romans, to propose a new law to the people in order to obtain their sanction to its passing. A successful application to the same authority was essential to the repeal of a law; hence also, abrogare legem; conformably to the latter usage, to unmake, repeal, annul, or make void, are the significations in English. Besides this all estatutes made by king Edward were clerely reuoked, abrogated, and made frustrate. Hall, p. 286. cause. I do not abrogate the grace of God, for if righteousnesse be by the law, then Christ died without a Geneva Bible, 1561. Gal. chap. ii. v. 21. Laws have been made, upon special occasions; which occasions ceasing, laws of that kind do abrogate themselves. Hooker, b. iv. sec. 14. The negative precepts of men may cease by many instruments, by contrary customs, by public disrelish, |