Justly thou abhorr’ət

That son,
Such trouble brought, affecting to subdue
Rational liberty.

who on the quiet state of men

Milton's Paradise Lost, xii. 79. The self-same thing they will abhor One way, and long another for.

Hudibr. p. i. cant. 1. The first tendency to any injustice that appears, must be suppressed with a show of wonder and abhorrency in the parents and governours.

Locke on Education.

For if the worlds,

In worlds inclosed, could on his senses burst, He would abhorrent turn. Thomson's Sum. 1. 310. The legal, and as it should seem, injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles, was received with a very faint murmur, by the easy nature of polytheism. Gibbon, vol. i. P.

Lands intercepted by a narrow frith,
Abhor each other.

But peace abhorreth artificial joys,

112.

And pleasure, leagued with pomp, the zest of both destroys. Lord Byron's Childe Harold. ABHORRERS, a name which was given to a political party in England, in distinction from the petitioners of the same period, (1680.) The name and the party soon ceased; but Hume gives an account of their origin and principles. They paid excessive court to the king, by expressing their abhorrence against those who petitioned for redress of grievances, or who presumed to prescribe or dictate to his majesty any period for assembling parliament.

ABIA, or IRE, in ancient history, a maritime town of Messinia, so called after Abia, a daughter of Hercules, and one of the seven cities promised by Agamemnon to Achilles.

ABIAD, a river of Africa, descending, according to Mr. Brown, from the Mountains of the Moon, several hundred miles south of Darfour.

ABIANS, or ABII, anciently a people of Thrace, or, according to some authors, of Scythia. They led a wandering life, living on the flesh of their herds and flocks; on milk and cheese. They cultivated little intercourse with their neighbours, but boldly maintained their own independence, and were a people of great integrity, according to Homer, Il. xiii. 5, 6.

ABIB, ', Heb. i. e. a ripe ear of corn. The first month of the ecclesiastical, and the seventh of the civil year, among the Jews. It answers to our moon that begins in March and ends in April; and contains the feast of the pass

over and of unleavened bread. ABIDE', Bidian, or abidian, Sax. To ABI'DER, stay, remain, tarry, dwell or conABI'DING, tinue in a place or state; also, ABO ́DE, to stay under, or support; to bear up against, or endure with fortitude, good temper, or the contrary. In the latter senses, however, the words are nearly obsolete.

perish.

The pacient abyding of the righteous shal be turned to gladnesse, but the hope of the vngodly shall Bible, Lond. 1539. Pror. chap. x. DEM. Abide me, if thou dar'st: for well I wot Thou runn'st before me, shifting every place, Thou dar'st not stand, nor look me in the face.

Shakspeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. MRS. FORD. I would my husband would meet

up

The marquis Dorset, as I hear, is filed To Richmond, in the parts where he abides. Shakspeare's Richard III. Those who apply themselves to learning, are forced to acknowledge one God, incorruptible and unbegotten; who is the only true being, and abides for ever above the highest heavens, from whence He beholds all the things that are done in heaven and earth. Stillingfl. Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idolat. ABIES, in botany, the fir tree. See PINUS. ABIGA, in botany, the ground pine, or Chamapitys.

ÁBILA, or ABYLA, a mountain of Africa, one of the pillars of Hercules, as they were anciently called, being directly opposite to Calpe, in Spain, from which it is only 18 miles distant.

ABILENE, a small canton in Syria, between Lebanon and Antilibanus, west of Damascus. See ABEL-MAIM.

ABINEAU POINT, a neck of land projecting into Lake Erie, Canada, and forming a fine bay on each side of the point. It runs out about 10 miles west of Fort Erie. The northern bay is most commonly called Abineau Port.

ABINGDON, the chief town of Washington county, in Virginia, North America, 310 miles S. W. of Richmond. Also a town of Maryland, North America, 20 miles N. E. of Baltimore; and a township of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 22 S. E. of Boston.

Berks, in the hundred of Hormer, on the Isis, so ABINGDON, OF ABINGTON, a market town of named from an abbey formerly built in it, six miles S. of Oxford, and 56 W. from London. The streets are well paved, and have a spacious area in the centre, where the markets are held on Monday and Friday, and where an elegant market-house is built, supported on lofty pillars,

with a handsome Town-house of free-stone above

it, where the assizes, sessions, and county meetings are held. It has two churches, dedicated to St. Nicholas and St. Helena, and two hospitals, the one for 12 persons, six of each sex, the other for 26, viz. 13 of each; besides a charity and a free grammar school. This town is supposed by Bp. Gibson to be the Saxon Cloveshoo, where synods were held, in A. D. 742 and

822. It was incorporated by Queen Mary I. and sends one member to parliament, elected by the suffrages of the inhabitants generally. It is a considerable malting town.

ABIPONIANS, a decayed tribe of S. American Indians, inhabiting the banks of the Plata. The whole nation does not exceed 5000 in number. They are naturally fair; but, by exposure to the air and smoke, become of a brown colour. They are a strong and hardy race of people; which is attributed to their marrying late; and are greatly celebrated on account of their chastity and other virtues; though, according to some writers, they have no knowledge of a Deity, or name to express his existence: but they believe in an evil principle whom they call "Uncle." They are but slightly acquainted with agriculture, living by hunting and fishing, and holding the flesh of their jaguars in great repute. They have a kind of order of chivalry for their warriors; and are so formidable, that 100 of their enemies will fly before ten of these horsemen, armed with the long spears of the country. The caciques in war are their judges in time of peace; but the whole people have long ceased to be of any consideration in the neighbourhood.

ABISCA, a province of Peru of considerable extent, between the Yetan and Amarumain to the S. of Cuzco. It is little known to Europeans, being principally the resort of expelled barbarous tribes.

ABITIBBE RIVER, a river of Upper Canada, flowing out of the lake of that name, and emptying itself into the Moose river, near James's Bay. The Abitibbes are a native tribe of this neigh

bourhood.

ABJECT',v.&n. ABJECT'EDNESS. ABJECTION, AB'JECTLY, AB'JECTNESS,

Ab: jacio, to cast or throw away from; to be reduced to a low rank or condition; to be degraded.

The audacite and bolde speeche of Daniel signifyeth the abiection of the kynge and his realme. The Exposicion of Daniel, by Geo. Joye, p. 75.

mind; but a prudent care not to over-value ourselves upon any account. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra. b. ii. c. 7. Let mean princes

Of abject souls, fear to reward great actions.
I mean to show,
That whatsoc'er subjects, like you, dare merit,
A king, like me, dares give.

Dryden's Marriage a la Mode.
To what base ends, and by what abject ways,
Are mortals urg'd through sacred lust of praise!
Pope's Essay on Criticism.
How poor, how rich, how abject, how august,
How complicate, how wonderful is man!
How passing wonder, He who made him such.
Young.

ABJURE', S Ab: juro, to swear from, to ABJURATION. forswear; to swear; to go away from, or leave; to disown, to disclaim, to renounce upon oath.

to a sanctuary, and on swearing to leave the kingdom By our ancient customs felons were allowed to fly forthwith, and for ever were exempted from farther punishment. Vide Rastall's Collection of Statutes.

In this season were banished out of Southwarke, twelve Scottes whiche had dwelt there a long season, and wer conveied fro parishe to parishe by the constable, like men yt had abiured the realme, and on their vttermost garment a white crosse before, and another behynd them. Thus were they conueyed through London northwarde till they came to Scotlande.

Hall, repr. 1809, p. 648.

Either to die the death, or to abjure
For ever the society of man.

Shakspeare's Midsum. Night's Dream. No man, therefore, that hath not abjured his reason and sworn allegiance to a preconceived fantastical hypothesis, can undertake the defence of such a

supposition.

Hale.

I deemed it better so to die, Than at my foemen's feet an abject lie.

Rebellion

Came like itself in base and abject routs, Led on by bloody youth goaded with rage, And countenanc'd by boys and beggary.

I was at first, as other beasts that graze
The trodden herb, of abject thoughts and low.
Milt. Paradise Lost. b. ix. 1. 571.

The rarer thy example stands,
By how much from the top of wond'rous glory,
Strongest of mortal men,
To lowest pitch of abject fortune thou art fall'n.
Milton's Sampson Agonistes.
By humility I mean not the abjectness of a base

I can haue it in such a place, I wil goe euery day into the Sea up to my knees, assaying to passe ouer, and unlesse I can do this within fortie dayes, I wil put my selfe againe into the Church, as a robber and a felon of our Lord the king, so God me helpe & his holie iudgement," &c. Rastall's Collect. of Stat. p. 2.

ABJURATION, in English law, signifies the renouncing and disclaiming upon oath, any right

of the late Pretender to the crown of these kingdoms; also, according to 25 Charles II. an oath abjuring particular doctrines of the church of Rome.

ABLA'CTATE, Į ABLACTA'TION,

a child.

Ab: from, and lacto, to feed with milk. To wean

ABLAIQUET, or ABLAIKET, a town of Russian Tartary, 540 miles S. E. of Tobolsk, remarkable only for the remains of a great temple and other antiquities.

ABLANCOURT, (PERROT, D',) See PERROT. ABLANIA, in botany, the trichocarpus genus. of Linnæus.

ABLAQUEATION, in horticulture, the art or practice of opening the ground about the roots of trees, to let the air and water operate upon them.

ABLATIVE, in grammar, the 6th case of the Latin nouns, pronouns, participles, and gerunds. Priscian calls it the comparative case, as it serves for comparing as well as taking away. It is opposed to the dative, as the latter expresses the action of giving. In English, French, &c. there is no precise mark whereby to distinguish the ablative from other cases; and we only use the term in analogy to the Latin. Thus, in the two phrases, "the importance of the question," and "he spoke much of the question," we say, that of the question in the first is genitive, and in the latter ablative; because it would be so, if the two phrases were expressed in Latin. The question coucerning the Greek ablative has been the subject of a famous literary war between two great grammarians, Frischlin and Crusius; the former of whom maintained, and the latter opposed, the reality of it. The dispute still subsists among their respective followers.

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE, in the Latin grammar, is a clause or phrase detached from, and indepeudent of the rest of the sentence, and answering to the genitive absolute of the Greek gramma

rians.

ABLAZE', a. On blaze. See BLAZE.
A'BLE, v. & adj.
A'BLENESS,
ABILITY,
A'BLY.

Abal, Goth. Strength, power, force, skill, are the leading ideas. The verb, to able, had two other significations, now obsolete: first, to make able, or to give power for any purpose, of the same import as to enable; and, secondly, to warrant, or answer for.

God tokeneth and assigneth the times abling hem to her proper offices.

Chaucer's Boecius, b. i. fol. 215, col. ì.
And ye, my ladies, that ben trewe and stable,
By way of kinde ye oughtin to ben able
To haue pitie of folke that ben in paine,
Now haue ye cause to clothin you in sable.

Chaucer, the Complaint of Mars, fol. 326, col. 4. Lytel Lowys, my Sonne, I perceive well by certaine evidences thyne abylyte to lerne scyences, touching nombres and proporcions, and also will consydre I thy besye prayer in especyal to lerne the tretyse of the Astrolabye.

Chaucer's Conclusion of the Astrolabie. That if God willinge to schewe his wraththe, and to make his power knownn, hath suffrid in greet pacience vessels of wrathhe able into deeth, to schewe

the richessis of his glorie into vessels of merci whiche he made redi into glorie. Wiclif. Romayns. chap. ix.

For no doute to dreade to offende God and to loue to please him, in all thing quyckeneth and sharpeneth all the wittes of Cristes chosen people : and ableth them so to grace, that they joy greatly to withdrawe their eares, and all their wittes and membres frome all worldly delyte, and frome ali feschely Trial of

solace.

Howell's State Trials, vol i. p. 202.

Master William Thorpe for Heresy, 8, Henry
IV. A. D. 1407, written by himself.

A noble crew about them waited round
Of sage and sober peeres all gravely gownd,
Whom farre before did marche a goodly band
Of tall young men all able armes to sound,
But now they laurell-branches bore in hand;
Glad signe of victory and peace in all their land.
Spenser's Faerie Queene, b. i. canto. xii.
Love all; trust a few

Do wrong to none: be able for thine enemy
Rather in power than use, and keep thy friend
Under thy own life's key.
Shakspeare.

CRES. They say all louers sweare more performance than they are able, and yet reserue an ability that they neuer perform; vowing more than the perfection of ten, and discharging lesse than the tenth part of one. Shakspeare's Troi. & Cres. act iii. sc. 1. To sell away all the powder in the kingdom, To prevent blowing up. That's safe, ile able it. Middl. Game at Chess. D. ii. b. act 2 Of singing thou hast got the reputation, Good Thyrsis, mine I yield to thy ability; My heart doth seek another estimation.

Sidney, b. i.

If aught in my ability may serve
To lighten what thou suffer'st, and appease
Thy mind with what amends is in my pow'r.
Milton's Sampson Agonistes, 1. 744.

They gave after their ability unto the treasure.

Ezra, ii. 69. which God giveth: that God in all things may be If any man minister, let him do it as of the ability glorified through Jesus Christ. 1 Peter, iv. 11.

Wherever we find our abilities too weak for the performance, he assures us of the assistance of his Holy Spirit. Rogers's Sermons. And novels (witness every month's review,) Belie their name, and offer nothing new. The mind, relaxing into needful sport, Should turn to writers of an abler sort, Whose wit well manag'd, and whose classic style. Give truth a lustre, and make wisdom smile. Cowper's Retirement. ABLECTI, in Roman antiquity, a select body of soldiers chosen from among those called ertraordinarii. Polyb. vi. 31.

ABLEGMINA, in Roman antiquity, those parts of the entrails of victims, which were offered in sacrifice. They were sprinkled with flour, and burnt upon the altar; the priests pouring wine on them.

ABLET, or ALBLEN, in ichthyology, the comLatin alburnus. See ALBURNUS and CYPRINUS. mon bleak, a small fresh-water fish, called in

ABLIS, a market town of France, in Orleans, department of the Seine and Oise, arrondissement of Etampes, six leagues E. N. E. of Chartres.

ABLUTION, Ab: luo, to wash from. The act of washing, or the water used in cleansing or purifying. Also the ceremonial purification ob

ABLUTIONS, in religion, appear to be as old as any ceremonies, or even external worship itself. Moses enjoined them; the heathens adopted them; and Mahomet and his followers have continued them: they thus make a considerable part of the most ancient religions. The Egyptian priests had their diurnal and nocturnal ablutions; the Grecians their sprinklings; the Romans their lustrations and lavations; the Jews their washing of hands and feet, besides their baptisms. The ancient Christians practised ablution before communion; which the Romish church still retains before mass, and sometimes after. The attachment of the Hindoos for the Ganges is such, that ablution in its streams is placed amongst the first duties of their religion; and when, from necessity, they cannot reach that river, if in bathing they use the exclamation, "O Ganges, purify me!" the Brahmins assure them that the service is equally efficacious.

ABLUTION, in pharmacy, is applied both to a preparation which divers remedies undergo, by washing them in water, to cleanse them or increase their power, and to medicines which carry off impurities from the system.

ABO, a seaport town, the capital of Finland, which lies upon the point where the gulphs of Bothnia and Finland unite, 120 miles N. E. of Stockholm. It stands on the estuary of the Aurajocki, is a good port, and is the see of a bishop; the seat of a governor, and of a high court of justice for S. Finland. The city became incorporated with the Russian empire in 1809. It is well nuilt, and carries on a thriving trade with Engand, Holland, and the Mediterranean, in its manufactures of silk, cotton, cloth, paper, rope, &c. It has an extensive glass-house, a sugar refinery of good repute, and two excellent dock yards. Its external trade in iron, timber, fur and corn is also considerable. It has an university, founded by queen Christina in 1640, and endowed with the same privileges as that of Upsal. Long. 22°, 13'. E. Lat. 60°, 27'. N. Population about 12,000.

ABOARD', n. Bond, Sax. a house, a ABORD', v. & n. habitation. This familiar 'BORD. sea-term, the orthography of

which differs among our older writers, comes immediately from the French àbord, as aller àbord, to enter a ship, to go aboard.

And afterwards a great wynde arrising in yo sea, by meane whereof their shippes might no longar tarry there, for that, that it was a place wt out porte; one part of the embarqued theself, and passing bifore a rockky place call'd Ithis, they came to aborde in the porte of Philie.

Thucidides, by Thomas Nicolls, Lond. 1550, fo. 53, p. 1. But there it resteth and abode

This great shyp on anker rode;

The lorde came forth, and when he sigh;
That other ligge on borde so nighe;
He wondreth, what it might bee,
And bad men to go in and see.

Gower, Con. A. book ii.

And how the tempest all began,
And how he lost his steersman
Which that the sterne, or he tooke keepe,
Smote ouer the bord as he slepe,

Chaucer's, Fame, b. i. fol. 277. c. 2. And wha we had gotte a shippe y' wolde sayle vnto Phenices, we went aborde into it, and set forth. Bible, Lond. 1539, Actes xxi. and were again conveyed, with more sunshine than We left this place about eleven in the morning, wind, aboard our ship.

ABODE', ABOD'ANCE, ABODE MENT, ABOD'ING. pearance, sign, evil is inferred.

Fielding's Voyage to Lisbon. Bodian, Sax. to portend; to abode, bode, and forbode, are synonymous, and signify to show, or exhibit some apor token, from which good or

Nay, nay, it may nat stonden in this wise
For nece mine, this writen clerkes wise
That percii is with dretching in draw
Nay, such abodes ben nat worth an haw.

Chaucer, third Booke of Troilus, fol. 171. col. 2. For he (bishop Felix) brought all the province unto the faith, and workes of iustice, and in the end to rewarde of perpetuall blessednesse, according to the abodement of his name, which in Latine is called Felix, and in our English tongue, Happie.

Stowe's Chronicle, Howe's ed. 1614, p. 61. ABO-HUS, or ABO-SLOT, an ancient fort in Finland, on a peninsula, near the mouth of the river Aura-jocki, which has often suffered from enemies, and by fire.

ABOI-VENTS, in fortification, lodgments constructed in a overed way to protect soldiers from the weather.

ABOL'ISH,

Ab: oleo. to emit an odour. ABOLISHMENT,Hence aboleo, to lose an ABOLITION, odour. To extinguish the very odour; to destroy, to annul, to abrogate, to annihilate.

Now to th' entent that ye may yet farther perceive and se, that they by the distruccion of the clergy, meane the clere abolycion of Christes faith: it may like you to conferre, and compare together ii places of hys beggars bill. Sir Thomas More's Works, p.

311

The plain and direct way had been to prove, that all such ceremonies, as they require to be abolished with less benefit than the abolishment of them would are retained by us with the hurt of the church, or

bring.

Hooker, b. iv

Or wilt thou thyself Abolish thy creation, and unmake For him, what for thy glory thou hast made? Milton, b. iii. 1. 163.

Nor could Vulcanian flame

The stench abolish, or the savour tame.

Dryd. Virg. Geo. iii.

An apoplexy is a sudden abolition of all the senses and of all voluntary motion, by the stoppage of the flux and reflux of the animal spirits through the nerves destined for those motions. Arbuthnot on Diet. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. The Society for mitigating and gradually abolishing the state of Slavery throughout the British Dominions, sometimes called the ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, has been recently formed.

His Royal Highness, the Duke of Gloucester is president of the society. In the list of vicepresidents, are the names of many of the most distinguished philanthropists of the day, and among them, that of the never to be forgotten champion of the negro's cause, Mr. Wilberforce.

The society has already published several works illustrative of the state of slavery, and pointing out its atrocious evils, in a commercial and political, as well as a religious point of view; and which, by apparently unanswerable arguments tend to hold up the system to merited detestation, by every class of society, from the statesman to the peasant. The following sum mary of the evils to which the slaves in the British colonies are subject, may serve to give some idea of their miserable and degraded condition :

There are, in the colonies of Great Britain, upwards of 800,000 human beings in a state of degrading personal slavery.

These unhappy persons are the absolute property of their master, who may sell or transfer them at his pleasure, and who may also regulate, according to his discretion, (within certain limits) the measure of their labour, their food, and their punishment.

Many of the slaves are (and all may be) branded like cattle, by means of a hot iron, on the shoulder or other conspicuous part of the body, with the initials of their master's name; and thus bear about them, in indelible characters, the proof of their debased and servile state.

The slaves, whether male or female, are driven to labour by the impulse of the cartwhip, for the sole benefit of their owners, from whom they receive no wages; and this labour is continued (with certain intermissions for breakfast and dinner,) from morning to night throughout the year.

In the season of crop, which lasts for four or five months of the year, their labour is protracted, not only throughout the day, as at other times, but during either half the night, or the whole of every alternate night.

Besides being generally made to work under the lash, without wages, the slaves are further obliged to labour for their own maintenance on that day which ought to be devoted to repose and religious instruction. And as that day is also their only market-day, it is of necessity a day of worldly occupation, and much bodily

exertion.

The colonial laws arm the master, or any one to whom he may delegate his authority, with a power to punish his slaves to a certain extent, Vor T

without the intervention of the magistrate, and without any responsibility for the use of this tremendous discretion; and to that extent he may punish them for any offence, or for no offence. These discretionary punishments are usually inflicted on the naked body with the cart-whip, an instrument of dreadful severity, which cruelly lacerates the flesh of the sufferer. Even the unhappy females are equally liable with the men to have their persons thus shamelessly exposed and barbarously tortured at the caprice of their master or overseer.

may

The slaves being regarded in the eye of the law as mere chattels, they are liable to be seized in execution for their master's debts; and, without any regard to the family ties which be broken by this oppressive and merciless process, to be sold by auction to the highest bidder, who may remove them to a distant part of the same colony, or even exile them to another colony.

Marriage, that blessing of civilized, and even of savage life, is protected in the case of the slaves by no legal sanction. It cannot be said to exist among them. to exist among them. Those, therefore, who live together as man and wife, are liable to be separated by the caprice of their master, or by sale for the satisfaction of his creditors.

The slaves in general have little or no access to the means of Christian instruction.

The effect of the want of such instruction, as well as of the absence of any marriage tie, is, that the most unrestrained licentiousness (exhibited in a degrading, disgusting, and depopulating promiscuous intercourse,) prevails almost universally among the slaves; and is encouraged no less universally by the example of their superiors the whites.

The evidence of slaves is not admitted by the colonial courts, in any civil or criminal case affecting a person of free condition. If a white man, therefore, perpetrates the most atrocious acts of barbarity, in the presence of slaves only, the injured party is left without any means of legal redress.

In none of the colonies of Great Britain have those legal facilities been afforded to the slave to purchase his own freedom, which have produced such extensive beneficial effects in the colonial possessions of Spain and Portugal. On the contrary, in many of our colonies, even the voluntary manumission of slaves by their masters has been obstructed, and in some rendered nearly impossible, by large fines.

It is an universal principle of colonial law, that all black or coloured persons are presumed and taken to be slaves, unless they can legally prove the contrary. The liberty, therefore, even of free persons, is thus often greatly endangered, and sometimes lost. They are liable to be apprehended as run-away slaves, and to be sold into endless bondage as such, if they fail to do that which though free, nay, though born perhaps in Great Britain itself, they may be unable to do

namely, to establish the fact of their freedom by such evidence as the colonial laws require.

Many thousand infants are annually born within the British dominions to no inheritance but that of the hapless, hopeless servitude which has been described; and the general oppressive

D