Notes and Queries

references to Dr. Clarke and Sir Wm. Rush, with both of whom he appears to have been on intimate terms. I should be pleased to send M. A. the references, should he care to have them. F. M. R. HOLWORTHY.

Elsworth, Tweedy Road, Bromley, Kent.

order from that of the military Knight is, I believe, problematical, but it certainly appears to have been looked upon as of a higher status. To suppose, therefore, that a man made a K.B. in 1465 should six years later be dubbed again to a simple knighthood would be unreasonable.

William Beaumaris Rush was not baronet: he was knighted 19 June, 1800, is a matter of credence and evidence, the Which of the two dates is the correct one and died 8 July, 1833, aged 82.

Leamington.

ALFRED B. BEAVEN.

balancing of one authority with another. And here I think the evidence in favour of 1471 is conclusive. To the proofs quoted in Probably Sir William Beaumaris Rush, his note by my friend MR. BEAVEN from of Wimbledon, Knight. Another daughter Gregory's Chronicle and the London City married her cousin George Rush, High records may be added the monumental Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1813. See inscription to Philip's wife in Herne Church, Burke's Landed Gentry,' 4th ed., Rush Kent, given by Weever ('Fun. Mon.') as of Farthinghoe Lodge, Northampton.'

RICH. JOHN FYNMORE.

[G. F. R. B., DIEGO, and A. R. E. also thanked for replies.]

STRETTELL-UTTERSON: EARLIEST BOOK. AUCTION (11 S. i. 448, 477; ii. 16).—Will MR. W. SCOTT kindly give some particulars of the list of auction-sale catalogues, ranging from 1637 to 1841, to which he refers ? Where can such list and catalogues be seen? I have been always under the impression that the sale of Dr. Seaman's library on 31

October, 1676, was

the earliest known

auction sale of books in this country. See EDWARD B. HARRIS.

10 S. v. 43.

5, Sussex Place, Regent's Park, N.W.

PARIS FAMILY (11 S. i. 508; ii. 53).— If E. H. will write to me, I will put him into communication with members of the family of Mr. Thomas Clifton Paris, son of John Ayrton Paris. He died recently, aged 95. J. E. FOSTER.

10, Trinity Street, Cambridge.

SIR MATTHEW PHILIP, MAYOR OF LONDON (11 S. ii. 24, 73).—The date of knighthood of this early civic worthy has been long a difficulty, owing to the seemingly substantial authority for both the K.B. of 1465 and the Knight Bachelor of 1471. It has been suggested that Philip was twice dubbed, but I know of no case in which the same man received the accolade twice, unless possibly upon the promotion of a Knight Bachelor to the higher dignity of a Knight Banneret, and even of this the evidence is by no means clear. Anyhow, this would not apply to Philip. Neither would the fact of the alleged earlier knighthood being that of a K.B. account for a possible second dubbing. Whether or not in the fifteenth century Knighthood of the Bath was of a distinct

follows: 'Hic jacet Christiane dudum uxoris Mathei Philipi Aurifabri ac Maioris Londinensis que obijt....1470 pro cuius anime salute velitis Deum orare. It is clear, therefore, that the ex-Mayor was not a Knight when his wife died in 1470.

My impression is that the origin of the error is in the statement of Fabyan, a writer, as said by the late John Bruce, who is a most valuable authority upon all matters connected with transactions that took place within the City of London; but often inaccurate on minor points respecting events which IV., Camden Soc. vol. ). I suggest that this passed elsewhere 22 (Restoration of Edward is one of Fabyan's minor inaccuracies and the source of the whole difficulty.

Lowton, Newton-le-Willows.

W. D. PINK.

tion, will see in the lines little more than a variation of the common saying "After a storm comes a calm." By the poet's vision, the elemental forces of nature are beheld engaged in Titanic conflict, which continues until through sheer weariness the waves sink into the calm of exhaustion. Tennyson's imagery is perhaps slightly different. It represents nature as assailed by malignant human agencies, until in the end it lapses into a condition of insensibility. SCOTUS.

In Capt. Marryat's 'Newton Foster an action is described as taking place between an Indiaman and a French privateer commanded by Surcouf. The cannonade makes the wind lull so that the ships have to cease firing till the smoke clears away of itself. Marryat has seen a great deal of hard service under Lord Cochrane, and his descriptions of sea-fights and shipwrecks are clear and accurate. Perhaps a cannonade would have little effect on a strong breeze, and the lull. caused by it not be long. M. N. G.

GEORGE KNAPP, M.P.: KNAPP FAMILY (11 S. i. 389; ii. 35).—I have in my possession a pencil sketch of a lady's head in profile by Jonathan Richardson-whether the elder or the younger I am unable to say. The following inscription is written in the margin "Mrs. Cath: Knapp, August 25, 1731.22 have hitherto been unable to identify the original of the portrait. Perhaps MR. O. G. KNAPP of Maidenhead, who has informed COL. FYNMORE that he is engaged on a Knapp family history, may be able to help me. W. F. PRIDEAUX.

AND

GARRICK'S VERSION OF ' ROMEO JULIET (11 S. ii. 47).-I have a copy of the above work in an odd volume of old plays, the others being 'The Perjur'd Husband,' by Mrs. Centlivre, and Constantine the Great 2 and Theodosius,' by Nat. Lee. The titleto Garrick's play reads:page "Romeo and

Juliet by Shakespear, with Alterations and an additional Scene: by D. Garrick. As it is Performed at the TheatreRoyal in Drury Lane. London: Printed for J. & R. Jonson and S. Draper MDCCLVI."

There is an interesting, if acid, personal paragraph concluding the Advertisement on the next page:

"The persons who from their great Goodnature and Love of Justice, have endeavour'd to take away from the present Editor the little Merit of this Scene by ascribing it to Otway, have unwittingly, from the Nature of the Accusation, paid him a Compliment which he believes they never intended him.'

MOSES AND PHARAOH'S DAUGHTER (11 S. i. 469).-The finding of Moses by Pharaoh's daughter has been a favourite subject with artists both in ancient and modern times. Mrs. Jameson in her 'History of our Lord,' vol. i. pp. 172-3, mentions Perugino, Raphael, Poussin, and Bonifazio as having been, among others, attracted by the theme. In public and private galleries in this country there are at least half-a-dozen paintings by different masters bearing the same title. Among them a Finding of Moses by Titian was formerly in the collection at of Exeter. See Hazlitt's 'Picture Galleries Burleigh House, the seat of the Marquis of England.' W. S. S.

PIGEON-HOUSES IN THE MIDDLE AGES (11 S. ii. 49).-As bearing on the custom of pigeon-houses, there is in the archives of the Dover Corporation a charter, dated 7 March, 1467, by which " a berne, a gardein with a douffhous.... within the liberty of the Town and Port of Dover," was let for 80 years. Twice in the charter the structure is called " a douffhous," and three times it is referred to as a culverhouse. That the structure was a permanent one of some importance is shown by the fact that special provisions the 80 years' lease. As to the connexion are made for its being kept in repair during of pigeon-houses with rectories, it may be mentioned that this berne gardein with douffhous near to St. James's Rectory, Dover, and there was an ancient barn standing there about a century ago.

72 was

As to the right to erect pigeon-houses, a lord of the manor, according to cases cited by Burn, may build a dovecot on his own manor, but a tenant of a manor cannot without his lord's licence; but any freeholder may build a dovecot on his own land. Pigeons kept in such dovecots were, at a very early period, protected by the game laws. It would seem that the right to have a pigeon-house at a rectory would arise from the tenure being in the nature of a freehold ; and by a similar rule the Dover Corporation

had their right to grant a charter including with the ivory image of a maiden which he the privilege of keeping a culverhouse himself had made (Ov., Met.,' x. 243). See because they were lords of the fee, holding Sir William Smith's Classical Dictionary," all lands in their liberty for services rendered sub Pygmalion. to the Crown in connexion with the Cinque Ports navy. JOHN BAVINGTON JONES. Dover.

The following from Giles Jacob's 'Law Dictionary,' 1756, may help to put F. H. S. on the right track :

Pigeon-house, Is a Place for the safe Keeping of Pigeons. A Lord of a Manor may build a Pigeon-house or Dovecote upon his Land, Parcel of the Manor; but a Tenant of a Manor cannot do it, without the Lord's Licence. 3 Salk. 248. Formerly none but the Lord of the Manor, or the Parson, might erect a Pigeon-house; though it has been since held, that any Freeholder may build a Pigeon-house on his own Ground, 5 Rep. 104. Cro. Eliz. 548. Cro. Jac. 440, 382. A Person may have a Pigeon-house, or Dove-cote, by Prescription. Game Law, 2 Pa. 133." See also 'Jus Feudale Thomæ Cragii de Riccartoun,' Lipsia, 1716, pp. 348-9, Feudorum Lib. II. Tit. VIII. § XI., where some interesting facts are given, "apud nos eis tantum permittuntur [i.e. columbaria], qui sex acras terræ habent." Cragie also says that the 22 columbariorum jus came from the Normans to England, and thence to Scotland.

In Book I. chap. iv. of 'The Last Days of Pompeii Lord Lytton also refers to this story in the following passage: "I have discovered the long-sought idol of my dreams; and like the Cyprian sculptor, I have breathed life into my own imaginings.” J. F. BENSE.

Arnhem, the Netherlands.

Hatton, born in 1664, would appear to have EDW. HATTON (11 S. ii. 9, 54).-Edward been a teacher. Three engraved portraits of him are known to be in existence: one by Vertue after a painting by Phipps; another by Whyte in 1696, when Hatton was 32 years of age; and the third by Sherwin, as mentioned in the query. Of these Sherwin's engraving is said to be by far the best. Hatton wrote a number of books, such as 'The Merchant's Magazine,' 'Comes Commercii; or, The Trader's Companion," Arithmetick Theoretical and Practical,' and several others, between 1699 and 1728, the titles of which are given in Watt's BiblioW. S. S. theca Britannica.'

STONES IN EARLY VILLAGE LIFE (11 S. ii. 9).—Is it not fairly well established that folk meetings-Shire Motes, Hundred Motes, Tithing Motes-were often held around great stones? See Primitive Folk-Moots," by G. L. Gomme, 1880, where is collected a mass of evidence on this subject-title 'stone' in index.

As to Standon, Walton-at-Stone, Stonebury, Stanstead, and Stanborough, do they not all suggest Teutonic settlements (-tons, steads, boroughs) hard by ruins of Roman buildings, stations, or villas ? F. SYDNEY EDEN. Maycroft, Fyfield Road, Walthamstow.

As a general rule, the privilege of setting up columbaria in medieval times was confined to lords of manors, monasteries, and parish priests. The parson in some places-burys, had his cote in a stage of the church tower. Thousands of hungry birds flew hither and thither to nourish themselves on other grain than that provided by their owners, and thus imposed a heavy tax on farmers; this was one of the grievances which led to the great French Revolution. F. H. S. would read with interest a useful paper by Mrs. Berkeley on 'The Dovecotes of Worcestershire,' which was published in the Transactions of the Worcester Diocesan Architectural and Archæological Society in 1905. It is admirably illustrated. ST. SWITHIN.

'SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE (11 S. ii. 8). This fictitious work was written by Miss Jane Porter, the daughter of an Irish officer, and sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter and of Miss Anna Maria Porter the novelist. It was first published in 1831, Miss Jane Porter's name being given merely as the editress. When pressed to disclose the author, Miss Porter used to say: Walter Scott [who, by the way, was a great friend of her family] had his great secret; I may be allowed to keep my little one.'

'Sir

Sir Edward Seaward's Narrative' has a remarkable truthfulness of style and inci

dent, and has been compared to Defoe's writing. A leading review wrote an article on it, treating it as a narrative of facts. Miss Porter died at Bristol in 1850, aged 74. CONSTANCE RUSSELL.

Swallowfield Park, Reading.

This 'Narrative' is discussed by Mr. William Bates in "The Maclise Portrait Gallery,' pp. 310-11. He is of opinion that the author was Dr. W. Ogilvie Porter, the elder brother of Miss Jane Porter. In the course of the discussion, Mr. Bates calls attention to references in 'N. & Q.' (1 S. v. 10, 185, 352), and also to The Quarterly Review, vol. xlviii. p. 480. W. S. S.

GARIBALDI AND HIS FLAG (11 S. ii. 7).The flag mentioned by Hamerton can hardly be called Garibaldi's personal Garibaldi and Holyoake were great flag. friends, and to show his friendship Garibaldi, at the close of the war for the freedom of Italy, gave Holyoake his portrait, with a letter thanking him for all he had " generously done for the Italian cause," and at the same time presented him with the flag carried throughout the campaign by the triumphant Garibaldians. This Holyoake hung up in his library, and at his funeral it was placed on his coffin.

Holyoake's youngest daughter, Mrs. Holyoake Marsh, informs me that it is composed of three stripes about 12 inches wide, of red, white, and green, and, to quote her father's words, was merely a tricolour of three pieces of cotton_nailed to a staff." Mrs. Marsh adds: 'It was not cotton, however, but a woollen material." She has generously presented this interesting memorial to Italy, and it now hangs in the Museum at Milan. JOHN COLLINS FRANCIS.

COWES FAMILY (11 S. i. 508; ii. 58).— May I express my gratitude to B.U. L. L. and W. S. S. for their valuable information, and my regret that such comprehensive notes give no confirmation of the theory that a family gave its name to Cowes ?

A search amongst naval papers that refer to the place has also been fruitless of results, save that it shows that West Cowe was an early way of writing of the Castle.

A fresh question arises from the efforts to trace the name, and I should gratefully welcome information upon it. There seems ground for doubting the received belief that King Henry VIII. built a second castle, on the eastern side of the Medina. In the days of his daughter Elizabeth, when very

thorough repairs to all the Island forts are fully recorded, there is no mention of East Cowes Castle. It is not named on Speed's map, and though Old Castle Point exists, there is absolutely no record of any building there. Can any of your readers help to settle this point? Y. T.

Perhaps the following notes may be interesting on account of their connexion with Hampshire.

Thomas Cowse, among others, bond to the king for 5007. 8 Sept., 2 Hen. VII. Ten seals to this document. Grant to John la Caus, lands in manor of Hordhulle. No date. Cat. Anc. Deeds at P.R.O.

Co.

Anthony Cowce and Agnes his wife, defendants in a suit respecting Charletts Southampton. Chancery Suits temp. Eliz. at Elstone in parish of Alverstoke, named Caws. I once knew an Isle of Wight family

There was a Jacob Cowes; described as a Dutchman, an alien in London in 1567.

་

LEO C.,

THE CIRCLE OF LODA (11 S. ii. 8).-Perhaps DR. YOUNG may find the information he desires by consulting the poems of Ossian, especially those entitled Carric-Thura,' 'Cath-Loda,' and 'Eina-Morul.' Loda is believed to have been synonymous with Odin, the Scandinavian deity. The circle of Loda, mentioned in Carric-Thura,2 Norsemen. Apparently it was situated on supposed to be a place of worship among the one of the islands of the Orcadian group, but it may be understood as applicable to any locality where the worshippers of Odin assembled. The hall of Loda perhaps stands for the Norse Valhalla, but is evidently located on some island off the Scandinavian Reader's or Norwegian coast. Brewer's Handbook draws an interesting parallel between the encounter of Fingal and Loda as related by Ossian, and the wounding of the war-god Mars by Diomed in the Iliad.'

W. SCOTT.

MARKET DAY (11 S. ii. 48).-Was not the main consideration in fixing a day for a market the desire to avoid conflicting with a more important market in the neighbourhood? Markets were not principally (in their origin) intended for farmers who wished to sell the week's store of provisions (manna) to townsfolk, but, like the fairs, were for farmers to buy and to sell-or to exchange-their stock and their provender

The most important markets, therefore, were not those in big towns, but those in convenient positions to serve a big district, and especially a district with very varied soils and culture-possibilities. In many cases-probably most-the fairs preceded the markets. Fairs were regulated by season and by saints' days. Thus, on a border between high land that affords ample sheeppasture through the summer, and lower land where sheep may be root-fed and folded through the winter, there would be fairs at the most convenient time for changing the sheep. When a market was demanded by changed conditions, it would probably be on the same day of the week as the principal fair-day, unless that day was already in use for some neighbouring market. Many farmers attend two or more markets, in different places, regularly.

H. SNOWDEN WARD.

In a given district it is plainly to the advantage of farmers and their customers to meet more frequently than once a week, and country carriers will be found going to two or three markets a week within their radius. The later-established markets would choose a different day from that fixed by their senior neighbour.

H. P. L. [MR. TOM JONES also thanked for reply.] GOLDSMITH AND HACKNEY (11 S. ii. 10). Goldsmith lodged in Canonbury in 1767 as well as in 1762. The events attending his residence there have been carefully examined by Forster in his 'Life of Goldsmith,' and by Mr. Austin Dobson in Oliver Goldsmith in the Great Writers ?? series. It is extremely probable that he visited Hackney while residing at Canonbury, but no evidence has yet been forthcoming to show that he did. When two such accomplished gleaners have thoroughly explored the field of inquiry, it is scarcely likely that many grains have been left ungathered to reward the efforts of future investigators.

The following is from a manuscript commonplace book dated on the back 1832 :— On the late king's statue on the top of Bloomsbury spire.

The King of Great Britain was reckon'd before The Head of the Church by all Christian People His Subjects of Bloomsbury have added one more To his Titles and made him the Head of the Steeple.

The words "late king" would presumably place the date of this epigram in the time of George II. This commonplace book have been compiled by one E. W. Gwatkin. (which I bought some years ago) appears to

As to the statue, &c., Charles Knight's London,' vol. v. (1843), p. 198, has the following :

Above this stage commences a series of steps, gradually narrowing, so as to assume a pyramidal appearance, the lowest of which are ornamented at the corners by lions and unicorns guarding the royal arms (the former with his tail and heels frisking in the air), and which support at the apex, on a short column, a statue, in Roman costume, of George I."

A picture of the church, including the statue and one of the (presumably) two pairs of supporters, is in William Maitland's "History and Survey of London,' 1756, vol. ii., facing p. 1360. The supporters appear to be guarding a crown, not the royal arms. The crown exists now, but the supporters are gone. It is possible that the royal arms were on the opposite side.

According to the 'Dictionary of National Biography, s.v. Nicholas Hawksmoor, the lion and unicorn" (in the singular) were removed in 1871 by G. E. Street, R.A. If everything of grotesque appearance in London were removed, London would be much less interesting than it is.

For prints besides that in Maitland the 'Dictionary 2 refers to Clarke, 'Archit. Eccles.,' plate xlv., and Malton, London and Westminster,' pl. lxxvi.

ROBERT PIERPOINT.

Nicholas Hawksmoor was not a sculptor. He was an architect, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren's. Amongst other churches, he designed St. George's, Bloomsbury, built at a cost of 9,7937., and consecrated in 1731. But what authority has W. A. H. for asserting that he was the actual carver of the statue of King George I. crowning the spire of that edifice? Birch in his 'London Churches (1896) describes the monarch as standing there "in solitary state, a lightning conductor decorating the top of his head." HARRY HEMS.

Fair Park, Exeter.

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