those more womanly qualities which issue in the sublimest faith. Still he, more than any other eminent theologian, needed a two-fold training, one of the mind, the other of the heart. To leave his questions unanswered was to chill his faith, to cultivate his devoutness alone was to deprive of its natural sustenance one side of his nature which was continually crying for food. So he was not in the right place during his stay at the Moravian college; he brought upon himself suspicion and obloquy by his doubts, filled his father's heart with sorrow, and frustrated the fondest anticipations of his mother. There is a skepticism which is born of pride, and which only thrives under the adulation of self-applause, and under the opposition of pious men and women; a skepticism which grows rankly in our American colleges and in our great cities, and which would be short-lived if left alone, shriveling under neglect, but which, under the fostering of argument and remonstrance, shoots up into luxuriant and noxious growth, and often bears poisonous fruit for a lifetime. Young men who manifest this flippant infidelity, which is born of conceit and the pride of a little knowledge, need only to be dealt with as muddy wine is dealt with, they need to stand and settle for a few years and let fall the dregs which opposition and argument and pampered vanity have kept in motion through the foul and muddy mass. But Schleiermacher was not of this class; his was the skepticism of a spirit too much in earnest to be moved by arguments, and too serious to be flattered by the fears which were inspired in the heart of an indulgent mother, and of college professors who could not distinguish between reverent inquiry and a blasphemous infidelity. The letters. which he wrote to his father at this period are full of painful interest; we have nothing like them in our literature, so urgent and so piercing, unless they be the letters of the younger Buckminster to his father when those painful doubts arose in his mind, which, at last, led him to the Unitarian ranks. And the questions which troubled Schleiermacher were identical with those which came under discussion during the Unitarian controversy in America; such as those touching the divinity of Christ, the sinfulness of man, and the condi

tions of the atonement. The professors at Barby treated the young man with singular want of tact; no spirit was ever more clumsily managed; no attempt was made to answer his questions, all was charged upon his sinful nature, and the only opiate which was prescribed to quiet his tossing, feverish soul, was to turn anew to his prayers, and to strangle his doubts with a violent hand. His father was more discreet; his letters were wise and fatherly; and while he could not enter on long trains of argument without meeting his son face to face, yet his hints, his suggestions of books to be read, his appreciation of his son's difficulties, were all more valuable to his son than any other answers might have been. There were two courses open to him; one was to reveal to his son the only half-stifled skepticism of his own mind, kept down by hard work from asserting itself daily; the other was to deprecate a skeptical spirit, to try to enlighten it, and yet to show what and how great were the difficulties which stood in an inquirer's path. One can hardly read those pages without tears. The father was so anxious, the son so modest, dutiful, sincere, and earnest in his doubts, that his eagerness touches our tenderest sympathy. At last, stung by the intimation of the Moravians that they could do nothing towards his promotion, so long as he harbored doubts, he urged his father to allow him to go to Halle, where he might find a freer scope for his spirit, and where he felt sure that he should receive answers to his questions. Pecuniary obstacles at first threatened, but these were surmounted, and the young man was transferred to the distinguished University of Halle. But long after Schleiermacher stood in the light which, in his youth, he so earnestly sought, his mind turned back with lingering affection to the Moravians at Barby; he was glad to visit them, he was pleased that his sister should wish to live among them, and he himself loved far more, than when with them, their rites and their simple faith. Indeed, the training which he received at Barby bore good fruit all his life. At first he reacted from the Moravian discipline; but soon his mind swung back into poise, and always after there was in Schleiermacher's system the development of the emotional element, no less than of the intellectual; worship

was as much prized as conviction; faith as much as judgment; song as much as argument; sacrament as much as sermon. While on a visit to the Moravians in 1802, he writes to a friend in this strain:

"Here it was that for the first time I awoke to the consciousness of the relations of man to a higher world. Here it was that that mystic tendency developed itself, which has been of so much importance to me, and has supported and carried me through all the storms of skepticism. Then it was only germinating, now it has attained its full development, and I may say, that after all that I have passed through, I have become a Moravian again, only of a higher order."

Schleiermacher's career at Halle was satisfactory to him, and served to fix him in a state of security and confidence as to the bounds of knowledge in theological science. It rejoiced him to find that the fetters which had been placed upon him at Barby were no longer called into use; that a free and yet a reverent criticism dealt justly and yet tenderly with the Bible, while a more comprehensive philosophy than he had yet met harmonized its doctrines and systematized its truths. At the University, Schleiermacher lived much by himself, and the allusions to intimate friendships are few. His naturally social nature was checked in its free development by the close pecuniary limitations to which he was subjected. The field preacher's son must be content with small remittances from home, and must use them to the best advantage. Halle was then as now a very economical resort; yet those who have become familiar with its advantages for indigent students now will be surprised at the much smaller sum which it required about the beginning of this century. At the present time the most economical student would hardly be able to spend his academical year of forty weeks at Halle for less than one hundred and fifty dollars, which may be thus apportioned: fuel and lights, ten American dollars; room rent, thirty-eight dollars; dinners, twenty-eight dollars; breakfast and supper, forty dollars; washing, ten; and fees, twenty-four. But at the close of the last century, the lowest possible expenses were much less. They did not go beyond seventy-eight dollars, according to Schleiermacher. The items may interest some readers: fuel, four dollars and a half; room rent, ten dollars; dinners, seven

teen; breakfasts and suppers, nineteen; washing, three dollars and a half; fees, twenty-four dollars. But there were many children in the Schleiermacher family, and the father could ill afford even this small sum. Still there was that determination in the young man's heart which always commands success, and he went on prosperously, and found his way over and through all obstacles. Still his stay in Halle was not as long as it would have been, had he been in affluent circumstances, and he hastened to enter upon the laborious duties of a tutor in a private family.

We will not follow him closely in his new career. He had more than one situation, partly in consequence of a manly pride which rose indignantly when his prerogatives were assailed, and his domains invaded by indulgent parents; partly in consequence of the opening of new avenues for his talents and his ambition. While a private tutor, he continued his theological studies, and was in due time permitted to preach. His powers were not suffered to remain hidden, and while yet a youth he was appointed preacher to the Charitè Hospital, at Berlin. It was not a lucrative place; nor was it in any way an attractive post to a young, learned, aspiring man. Yet it was in Berlin; and Berlin had even then begun to attract to its sandy streets and tasteless mansions men whose reputation reached to every civilized land. The writer of these pages once strolled out to the Charitè to see what kind of an audience the youthful Schleiermacher addressed. It was but a handful; the little chapel was but partly filled, and they who were there wore countenances which did not indicate a capacity equal to the task of following that most elaborate, artistic, and involved sermonizer, who preached Jesus to the sick and maimed about seventy-five years ago. I do not suppose that Schleiermacher was entirely pleased with his position there; yet he looked at his sermons rather than to his audience. He wrought upon them as upon models of art; he wrote to his father asking for his criticism; he toiled over each as if it were written for the king's own ear. Not that he despised his simple flock; but he was looking at the future and not at the present; and he preached rather to the few clergymen who came to witness the

eloquent elaborateness of which they were beginning to hear, than to the convalescent patients of the great Hospital, just able to hobble from their wards to the chapel. It may seem hard to justify Schleiermacher in this; but for him to have done differently would have involved the entire reshaping of his mental constitution. Enough that in his letters during those years, no trace appears of any impatience with the present, of any contempt for the poor and simple, of any arrogance, of any fault-finding with his destiny; we only see a man of marvelous powers, devoting those powers, in their natural way, to the chosen work of his life; he whom God made a philosopher wrote as a philosopher should write, and never disowned himself and put himself into false relations with the age, by trying to write in a style which God never intended that he should, and for an audience which God intended that he should address but for a few years only.

Meanwhile his social nature began to expand; his rare gifts procured him immediate access to the houses of the most gifted and cultured; and there was indeed no time in the whole career of Schleiermacher that he so charmed society with his sprightliness, learning, and affluence of resources, as he did while preacher to the Charitè. Through the kindness of two highly accomplished Jewish ladies, Schleiermacher was introduced to all whom he chose to know; and under the powerful stimulus of his new friends his life was a state of continued ecstasy. It is pleasant to follow him in his daily round of duties and delights. He worked hard and always with zest; he daily frequented a billiard room, not there the place for idleness and frivolity and petty gambling, but the best spot where he could meet his friends, learn the news of the day, and indulge in an exercise which, if kept free from evils which crowd into all rational amusements in this land, is singularly gentle and beneficial. Every evening found him in the society of minds as earnest, as aspiring, and as stimulating, as his own; and late into the evening were protracted those criticisms of Greek plays, those philosophical controversies, and those keen discussions of the great questions of the time. Among the eminent women whom he knew intimately at this time were the