King of Denmark, whose authority thus became again paramount in the Duchy. At the same time orders were issued for the immediate evacuation of the Holstein territory by the Austrian and Prussian troops.

Shortly before this the following Royal manifesto of the King of Denmark was published:

"We, Frederick the Seventh, by the grace of God King of Denmark, &c., hereby proclaim and make known to all our faithful and loving subjects

"It has been represented to us that the proceedings of the eminent men called together by us last year in Flensburg, according to our manifesto of the 14th of July, 1850, have not led to the agreement we had expected in reference to the affairs of our Monarchy, and especially with respect to the position of our Duchy of Schleswig in it.

"We have therefore not acted farther on the result of those consultations, but come to the resolution to proceed with the regulation of the affairs of the Monarchy, maintaining and developing the institutions, common to all portions of it, or established only for its several provinces, in a spirit that shall uphold and improve the relations legally existing.

"As the maintenance of our Monarchy undiminished

in its whole territorial extent is assured for the future by the assistance of the great Powers of Europe, so the connection between its separate parts, as a well-ordered whole, is to be maintained and confirmed first, by the means of an administration of its general affairs by a common Executive; next by a common form of administration, for the introduction of which we

shall, as soon as possible, take the necessary steps.

For the future the affairs of all parts of the Monarchy, which were before submitted to us for decision by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Quarter Master General, the Adjutant General of the Land and Sea Service, the Board of the Commissariat, the Boards of Admiralty and of Finance, the Direction of the State Debt and the Sinking Fund, and of the Post Office, as well as the business belonging to the first and second section of the Chamber of Rents, as far as they refer to duties, taxes, or the cost of collection and audit, and the colonial business placed under the General Board of Import Duties and Commerce, which affairs, as far as they related to the kingdom of Denmark, had been previously placed under the control of the several Ministers of State, shall be so conducted, according to the existing regulations, that the control of those Ministers shall be extended over all the parts of the Monarchy, as was before the case, with the above-named officers and boards who stood directly under us.

"The powers and functions of the Ministers of Justice, of the Interior, and of Public Worship and Education, for the kingdom of Denmark, remain unaltered.

ducted by the Ministry for Schleswig, as far as they refer to that Duchy; and by the Ministry for Holstein and Lauenburg, as far as they affect these Duchies; the unpolitical institutions and establishments common both to Schleswig and Holstein, namely, the University of Kiel, the Ritterschaft, the Schleswig-Holstein Canal, the fire insurance system, the prisons, the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, and the lunatic asylums, shall be directed by the Minister for Schleswig and the Minister for HolsteinLauenburg conjointly.

"All our Ministers shall have their permanent and exclusive seat in our Royal capital and residence of Copenhagen.

66

The collective Ministers form our Privy Council of State, in which we will for the future preside, and in the sittings of which our uncle, the Hereditary Prince, will take part, as formerly. With respect to the functions and the order of proceeding of our Council of State, the old regulations are to be continued. The protocols will be drawn up by the State Secretary.

The Minister for the Duchy of Schleswig and the Minister for the Duchy of Holstein are responsible to us alone for their official conduct. The responsibility of the other Ministers to the Danish Council of the kingdom is limited to that part of their functions that relates to the kingdom of Denmark alone, according to the provisions of Art. 18 of the Fundamental Laws.

our firm determination to preserve inviolate the provisions of the Fundamental Laws of the kingdom, we will, in the constitutional manner, allow to the Provincial Diet of our Duchy of Schleswig, as well as to the Provincial Diet of the Duchy of Holstein, such a development, that, with respect to the affairs that have hitherto belonged to the competence of the advising Provincial Diets, each of the Duchies shall have a representation of stande, with a power of voting resolutions.

"For the attainment of this object, we will therefore prepare draughts of laws for each of the two Duchies, and lay them before the Provincial Orders for their approval, in accordance with the general law of May 28, 1831, and the final article of the decrees of the 15th of May, 1834. The law for this purpose to be prepared for the Duchy of Schleswig shall especially contain the particular regulations by which the Danish and German nationalities in this Duchy shall receive and be secured perfectly equal rights and protection. The suspension of the functions of the Supreme Court of Appeal for Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, is continued. The jurisdiction of this Court will be limited to the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg. To effect this limitation a special law will be submitted to the future Provincial Diet.

Duchy of Schleswig which are still in a state of siege till the declarations of that State are revoked. The vote of the Duke of Augustenburg in the Assembly of the Provincial Orders for Schleswig is forfeited. The free and unconditional use of the Danish or German languages in the sittings of the future Provincial Diet of Schleswig is guaranteed, and the arrangements thereby rendered necessary we shall direct to be made. "So soon as our Sovereign power in Holstein shall have been fully re-established, the affairs of this Duchy shall be administered according to the legally-existing laws, which shall only be altered in a constitutional manner. For the purpose of introducing a general system of Customs duties for the whole Monarchy, the measures necessary for the abolition of the Customs Frontier on the Eyder shall be taken without delay. The state of siege existing in some districts of the Duchy of Schleswig shall be revoked, and the patent of amnesty for this Duchy of the 10th of May, 1851, shall undergo a

comprehensive revision. Those who shall hereafter remain excluded from this amnesty will not be permitted to reside in any other part of the Monarchy; while, on the other hand, those who are not so excluded from it may return to the Duchy of Schleswig, freely and without impediment.

"With respect to the administration of our Duchy of Lauenburg, we will, after the previous constitutional consultation with our faithful Ritterschaft and Commons, make known our determination.

"Our relations as member of the German Confederation for the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg remain unaltered.

"We anticipate with confidence, that our faithful subjects in all parts of the Monarchy will see, in the above provisions, a new proof of our Sovereign care that includes them all with equal affection; and we hope that, with the assistance of the Almighty, we shall succeed in securing to the lands united under our sceptre a happy future. "Christianborg, Jan. 28, 1852.

"FREDERICK R."

granted them his permission to get money as they could; that he had frequently demanded money without any pretext, and tortured the parties till his demands were complied with; and that affairs had arrived at such a crisis that, unless protected, they should be obliged to leave the country.

The Governor-General came to the conclusion that the treaty of Yandaboo made at the conclusion of the first Burmese war had been violated, and the law of nations disregarded, in these cases; that not only had security and protection been withheld, but gross injustice and oppression had been practised by the Burmese authorities; and he stated in answer to the memorial, that "it was incumbent upon the Government of India to accede to the appeal, and demand reparation from the court of Ava, if its officer should refuse to make a proper submission."

Accordingly, Commodore Lambert was sent in H. M. S. Fox, with two steamers, to Rangoon to demand reparation. He was likewise charged with a letter from the Governor-General in Council to the King of Ava, setting forth the complaints that had been made of the conduct of the Governor of Rangoon. When the Commodore arrived at Rangoon he sent Captain Tarleton with other officers on shore to present the letter for the King to the Governor. The latter received them without any formality, and his demeanour was almost insulting. As Commodore Lambert could obtain no satisfactory answer from the Governor, he despatched an account of his reception to the Indian Government, who now determined to write in a more imperative tone.

Their letter was answered by the court of Ava in a reply addressed to the "Great English War Chiefs," and was upon the whole of a conciliatory character. It stated that orders had been issued that, in accordance with the treaty, the merchants at Rangoon should be treated justly according to law, and that the Governor of the place had been recalled and another appointed; also that strict inquiry should be made as to all cases of alleged ill-treatment.

A new governor was appointed, but his behaviour was more insulting than that of the former. Commodore Lambert sent Captain Fishbourne and some other officers to him with a letter stating the nature of the claims of the Indian Government. They were told he was asleep, which was not true, and that they must wait in an open shed until he awoke and could receive them. After remaining for some little time, they returned to the ship without having been admitted to the Governor's presence.

Commodore Lambert, conceiving that a studied affront was intended by this conduct, declared the mouths of the river to be in a state of blockade, and received on board his ships all persons at Rangoon who claimed British protection. He also seized a vessel belonging to the King of Ava.

Four days afterwards, on the 10th of January, a brisk cannonade was opened on the Fox from a stockade on the river. This was speedily returned with shot and shell, and the battery was silenced. Commodore Lambert then proceeded to Calcutta to report the state of affairs. The Indian Government again sent a written remonstrance to the Go