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many sources : among these may be mentioned, Carr's Synopsis of the Calculus ; Legendre's Works on Elliptic Integrals and Gamma Functions ; Mindung's Tafeln der Integralen ; Sohncke's ditto; Schlömilch's Compendium ; and Meyer's Definite Integrals.

The proofs have been read by both Mr R. F. Muirhead and the author, and it is hoped that not very many errors have escaped their repeated examinations. But the work is constructed on lines that are so novel that it cannot be hoped that it now appears without the need of some further correction. Any communication to the author giving him information of such slips will be received with sincere gratitude.

Critics who are schoolmen of the pure orthodox mathematical faith may

find it hard to reconcile the ideas that have with them become innate, with some of the methods, and possibly some of the phraseology, here adopted. We only ask them to remember that there is arising a rapidly increasing army of men eagerly engaged in the development of physical research and in the industrial applications of scientific results, with the occasional help of mathematical weapons, whose mental faculties have been wholly trained by continuous contact with the hard facts of sentient experience and who find great difficulty in giving faith to any doctrine which lays its basis outside the limits of their experiential knowledge.

5th December 1896.

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CHAPTER II.—continued.
PAGE

PAGE

48. Area Graphic Diagram of In- 54, 55. Meaning of Integration

tegration,

22

Constant,

49. Diminishing Error,

22 56. Extension of Meaning of In.

50. Integration through

tegration,

27

finite” Gradient,

23 57. Integration the Inverse of

51. Change of Form of Integral, 24 Differentiation,

52. Definite and Indefinite Inte, 58. Usual Method of finding New

gration,

24

Integrals,

27

53. Integration Constant,

24

CHAPTER III.-EASY AND FAMILIAR EXAMPLES OF

INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION.

59. Circular Sector,

28 | 74. Angle-Gradients of Sine

60. Constant Gradient,

29 and Cosine and Integra-

61. Area of Expanding Circle, 29

tion of Sine and Co-

62. Rectangular Area,

30

sine,

37

63. Triangular Area,

31 75. Integration through 90°, 38

64. First and econd Powers of 76. Spherical Surface,

39

Variable,

32 77. Spherical Surface Integrated

65. Integral Momentum,

32

otherwise,

39

66. Integral Kinetic Energy, 33 | 78. Angle-Gradients of Tangent

67. Motion Integrated from

and Cotangent and Inte-

Velocity and Time, . 33

gration of Squares of Sine

68. Motion from Acceleration

and Cosine,

40

and Time,

33 79. Gradient of Curve of Recipro-

69. Bending Moments,

33

cals,

41

70. Volume of Sphere,

34 80. X-Gradient of Xx and inverse

71. Volume of Expanding Sphere, 34 Integration. Formula of

72. Volume of Expanding Pyra-

“Reduction,"

43

mid,

35 81. x-Gradient of Xlx and In-

73. Stress Bending Moment on

verse Integration,

44

Beam,

36

CHAPTER IV.-IMPORTANT GENERAL LAWS.

82. Commutative Law,

45 92. Ratio of Product of any

83. Distributive Law,

45

number of Functions to

84. Function of a Function, 46

Product of any number

85. Powers of the Variable;

of other Functions, 52

Powers of Sine and Co- 93. Theory of Resultant Error, 52

sine,

48 94. Exponential Function, 53

86. Reciprocal of a Function, 50 95. Power-Gradient of Expo-

87. Product of Two Func-

nential Function,

54

tions,

50 96. Natural, Decimal and other

88. Product of any number of

Logarithms,

55

Functions,

51 97. Number-Gradient of Loga-

89. Reciprocal of Product of Two

rithm,

55

Functions,

51 98. Relation between different

90. Reciprocal of Product of

Log." systems,

56

any number of Func- 99. Base of Natural Logs, 57

tions,

52 100. Logarithmic Differentiation, 57

91. Ratio of two Functions, 52 101. Change of the Independent

Variable,

58

.

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CHAPTER V.-PARTICULAR LAWS.

PAGE

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PAGE

102. Any Power of the Variable, 59 110. Indicator Diagrams,

62

103. Any Power of the Variable 111. Graphic Constructions for

by Logarithms,

59

Indicator Diagrams, 64

104. Diagram showing Integral 112. Sin-lw and (72 – )-5, 65

of x-1 to be no real excep- 113. (1 - 22) Integrated, or Area

tion,

60

of Circular Zone,

66

105. Any Power of linear 114. 2(p2 – 202)- Integrated, 67

Function,

61 115. (x2+72)- Integrated, 67

106. Reciprocal of any Power of 116. {2(7.2 – 22)}- Integrated,

-

68

Linear Function,

61

117. Log x Integrated,

68

107. Ratio of

Linear

two

118. Moment and Centre of Area

Functions,

61

of Circular Zone,

69

108. Ratio of two

Linear

119. (32 + x2) – Integrated, 69

Functions, General case, 61

120. (72 – x2)–Integrated, 70

109. Quotient of Linear by Quad-

ratic Function,

121. Hyperbolic Functions and

62

their Integrals,

70

CHAPTER VI.-TRANSFORMATIONS AND REDUCTIONS.

122. Change

of Derivative 129. General Reduction for X”, 74

Variable,

71 130. General Reduction of xmx", 74

123. Substitution to clear of 131. Conditions of Utility of

Roots,

71

same,

124. Quadratic Substitution, 72 132. Reduction of xma + bxn)", 75

125. Algebraico · Trigonometric 133. Reduction of pth power of

Substitution,

72

series of any powers of x, 76

126. Interchange of two Func- 134. Special Case,

76

tions,

73 135. 136. Trigonometrical Reduc-

127. Interchange of any number

tions,

77

of Functions,

73 137. Trigonometrico · Algebraic

128. General Reduction in terms

Substitution,

78

of second Differential 138. Composite Trigonometrical

Coefficient,

Reduction,

78

CHAPTER VII.-SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION

AND MULTIPLE INTEGRATION.

139. The Second x-Gradient, 79 | 150. Product and Quotient of

140. Increment of Gradient, 79

two or more x-Functions, 87

141. Second Increment,

79 151. Third and Lower x-Gradients

142. Integration of Second Incre-

and Increments,

87

ment,

80 152. Rational Integral X-Func-

143. Graphic Delineation,

81

tions,

88

144. Integration of Second x- 153. Lower x-Gradient of Sine

Gradient,

82

and Exponential Func-

145. Curvature,

82

tions,

88

146. Harpionic Function of Sines 154, 155. General Multiple Inte:

and Cosines,

84

gration, .

89

147. Deflection of a Beam, . 84 156. Reduction Formulæ,

90

148. Double Integration of Sine 157. Graphic Diagram of Double

and Cosine Function, 86

Integration,

91

149. Exponential Function, 86 158. Graphic Diagram of Treble

Integration,

91

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CHAPTER VIII.-INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.

PAGE

100

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