On the contrary, the cavaliers still went about with belts and swords, swaggering, swearing, and breaking into houses, and stealing whatever they could find. People knew them in the dark, and thus remarked:

"King's troops, sir, I'll be sworn!

How know you that, sir?

Marry my lord, by their swearing."

The scarlet and blue uniform came into use as a national military costume in the reign of Queen Anne. A wood-cut of one is given, (p. 193,) offering a billet-deux to a lady. The red and white feathers for officers were also in use. To those who may be curious in these things, there was published, by com mand of William IV., the regular costume of every regiment, with every change from the beginning.

Evelyn says, 1678, grenadiers came into use. They were to throw hand-grenades: they had their pouches full. They also fell on with axes, slings, fire-locks, swords, and daggers.

In 1609 began Chelsea Hospital. It had lately 476 in-pensioners, and about 80,000 out; and a military school for soldiers' children.

The present queen (Victoria) has had regimental schoolmistresses introduced, for teaching sewing and knitting to the female offspring of the soldiers.

The military power of England is about 114,000 men, being many thousands more than she had during the first American war. The half-pay list contains three generals to every regiment of soldiers, (horse and foot,) with other officers of all grades in proportion. This account does not include the county militia, which are only called out in time of war.

This is a new feature in English history, contrary to all its ancient institutions, its ancient maxims, and its ancient policy, and has been the means of introducing barracks, whereby the army is kept distinct from the people. In a debate on the army in 1820, Mr. Hume stated there were then 97; but in 1822 they had increased to 100 in England, Wales, and Scotland, and as many in Ireland. There are also yeomanry cavalry. In 1838 there was £98,000 voted for the staff of that department.

It has been a question whether the musket is a better weapon than the bow and arrow. Dr. Franklin, in a letter to Major General Lee, (1776,) gives the following six reasons for preferring bows and arrows to the musket:

1. Because a man may shoot as truly with a bow as a common musket.

2. He can discharge four arrows in the time of charging and discharging one bullet.

3. His object is not taken from his view by the smoke of his own side.

4. A flight of arrows seen coming upon them terrifies and subdues the enemy's attention to his business.

5. An arrow sticking in any part of a man puts him hors du combat till it is extracted.

6. Bows and arrows are everywhere more easily provided than muskets and ammunition. He recommends pikes, and bows and arrows.

He quotes Polydore Virgil, and remarks: "If so much execution was done by arrows when men wore defensive armour, how much more might be done now that it is out of use," (speaking of a battle in Edward III.'s reign.)

In the year 1830 was published a new system of arming, by Francis Macerone, late aid-de-camp to Joachim, (Murat,) King of Naples, &c.

He recommends lances nine feet long, with a fold in the middle like a carriage umbrella, and to be slung over the shoulder when not in use; a musket thirty-two inches in the barrel, but no bayonet-this to be slung over the shoulder when the lance is in use; and a pistol for close quarter, same calibre as the musket, so the same cartridges will do for both the lance and fire-lock together to weigh thirteen pounds, which is four ounces less than an English regulation musket and bayonet.

The present musket and bayonet do not keep cavalry at sufficient distance: the infantry are often disabled by the cavalry swords; but the nine feet lance renders the sword of the cavalry useless. App. vii.

COMMERCIAL MARINE.

"Arts, agriculture, and commerce should go hand in hand."

DR. J. ANDERSON.

ANDERSON, in his annals of commerce, says: "As agriculture is the foundation, so is manufacturing and the fisheries the pillars, and navigation the wings of commerce. Astronomy and geography are the very eyes of navigation, without which no distant voyage can well be performed.”

At the beginning of the seventeenth century it would not have been considered unmanly to "sit and weep at what a sailor suffers;" as will soon be seen when I state that those instruments which are now considered so indispensable to the

due performance of distant voyages, were not known, if I except the mariner's compass.* England had but few colonies. She had on this coast Newfoundland in 1583; and, in 1685, Bencoolen in the East Indies. Many articles now in great demand were not known at all, much less as articles of merchandise.

I have no doubt but that the commercial marine of this Union at the present time is as much, or more than all the world was at that period.† The manner of victualling, furnishing, and fitting out the vessels formerly bore no comparison with that of the present time.

The ordinary trade was carried on by the Dutch, who had from five to six hundred ships. England had not one-tenth; and she had no ships employed in the north-east of Europe.

Captain J. Lancaster sailed to the East Indies (under the company; it was the first voyage) in 1601; he returned in 1603. His cargo was cloves, pepper, cinnamon, and calicoes, partly taken from a Portuguese carrack which he captured. vessels then were all armed, and piratical.

The

It was certain that a vessel, doubling either of the capes, would lose, during her long voyage, many of her crew by death, and most of them would return sick. It was only at the time of Captain Cook's first voyage (1767) round the world that ships began to be fitted out with proper instruments and proper food and proper medicines. Few ships had quadrants before 1734. In 1736 Harrison first went in a king's ship to Lisbon, to try his time-piece or chronometer.

In the late voyages made to discover a passage by the north pole, each man was allowed eleven ounces of biscuit, nineounces of pemmican, (meat pounded, dried, seasoned, and packed closely,) sweetened cocoa, in powder, sufficient for one pint; rum, one gill per day; and three ounces of tobacco per week. How different is all this to mere salt meat and biscuit, and that laid in for a two or three years' voyage.

It was a common thing for vessels to clue up and lie-to at night. This is one reason for the length of the voyages.

At

* The first Insurance trial was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth: the subject was then so little known, that it became a question with the court whether they had jurisdiction to try it. But an act was passed the forty-third year of her reign; and the same year commenced the Royal Exchange Insurance Company.

The Secretary of the Navy, in his Report to Congress, December 1st, 1841, says, the registered seamen in the American ports were, natives, 9015; naturalized, 148: total, 9163.

In Bennett's Herald, January 5th, 1843, I saw it stated that the United States sailors on the ocean amounted to 62,125. In the U. S. Navy there were 6100; the remainder were on board the commercial marine.

that period they knew nothing of the various currents of winds which successive voyages have since discovered to blow regularly in certain latitudes.

Benjamin Gosnold, in 1602, was the first navigator who made a regular voyage direct across the Atlantic to this country. Before that period they used to sail to the West Indies, and then coast up the gulf stream. This captain named Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Elizabeth's Islands.

The following extract from Pennant will show that England knew nothing of the north sea whale fishery: "To view these animals in a commercial light, we must add that the English were late before they engaged in the whale fishery. It appears, by a set of queries proposed by an honest merchant in the year 1575, in order to get information in the business, that we were at that time totally ignorant of it."

A charter for the north sea whale fisheries was granted in 1613. In 1617 is the first mention of whale fins and blubber being brought home. The English then not being expert in this dangerous employ, it was abandoned, and again taken up in the reign of Charles II. In 1774 the largest number of ships ever employed was only 254. England engaged in the Newfoundland cod fisheries in 1650

"Where they wind them up by barrels full,
To feed a hungry world."

Even

Such is all, I believe, that can be said of the foreign fisheries, which Franklin called the "agriculture of the ocean." on her own coast the Dutch, at this early period of our history, rivalled the English.

Not having space to give a full history of this subject, perhaps the shortest way will be to give some particulars in a chronological order.

1493. Spain and Portugal divided the commerce of the world between them.

1497. England discovered North America.

1518. Studding sails began to be used.

1530. Cordage made at Bristol.

1534. French had the fur trade of the St. Lawrence.

1540. Charts of England and Scotland.

1589. England had her sail-cloth from Bretagne.

1599. In an ancient tract is a description of a log, very simi

lar to those now in use. The author is not known; nor was

this useful instrument in use until about 1607.

1603. England had not above 40 ships of 400 tuns.

1614. Imports from all parts of the world were £2,141,283 17s. 10d. Exports, £2,090,640 11s. 8d.

1601. The East India Company took possession of the Island of St. Helena, for their ships to water at.

1606. Two charters granted to plant all the American coast. 1624. All monopolies abolished, and present patent laws established.

1627. Ship timber imported from Ireland.

The Island of Nevis first planted.

1628. Dominica claimed by the English and French. Sugar cultivated at Barbadoes.

1629. The Bahamas first planted.

1631. Printed calicoes imported from India. 1633. A fishery company established.

1641. Cotton from Cyprus and Smyrna.

Cotton, ginger, and sugar imported from Barbadoes. 1645. Merchants placed their cash with the goldsmiths, who began also to receive gentlemen's rents, and allow them interest. Before that period they used to deposite their money at the mint; but in 1640 Charles I. took possession of £200,000. There were eight private banks before the Bank of England.

Child & Co., banking-house, commenced in the protectorate of Cromwell. Snow & Co. is older, the oldest in Great Britain, if not in Europe. See vol. 2, p. 336.

1656. The Dutch employed 8000 vessels in the cod and herring fisheries.

Pocket watches. Jamaica taken from the Spaniards.

1662. The English visited Honduras.

1670. A charter for Hudson's Bay.

1672. Sir Samuel Moreland invented the speaking-trumpet. 1675. Ships began to be sheathed with lead. In 1758 copper was first used on a British frigate; and in 1763 on merchant shipping.

1690. Telescopes invented, eighteen inches long, and microscopes about the same length.

1696. The Eddystone light-house first built.

1706. The London Insurance Company formed.

1772. Dr. Granville suggested the propriety of salting ships. 1784. I believe the first American ship that reached China was from Boston, U. S., at this date.

Sir Walter Raleigh in 1603 suggested the following propositions, to be laid before the king:

1. Foreigners, (Hollanders,) by the privileges they allow to strangers, draw multitudes of merchants to live among them, and thereby enrich themselves.

2. By their storehouses or magazines of all foreign commomodities, they are enabled to supply other countries, even those from which they have bought those commodities.