There was now time to call Mr. | on the score of justice was a thing to Fletcher to account. It was no busi- make the gods laugh.

So thought the queen. So, unfortunately, did not think some members of her Council, Lord Burghley among

Drake should be punished and the spoils disgorged, or else that he would force Elizabeth upon the world as the confessed protectress of piracy. Burghley thought that, as things stood, some satisfaction (or the form of it) would have to be made.

ness of the chaplain to discourage and dispirit men in a moment of danger, and a court was formed to sit upon him. An English captain on his own them. Mendoza was determined that deck represents the sovereign and is head of Church as well as State. Mr. Fletcher was brought to the forecastle, where Drake, sitting on a sea-chest with a pair of pantoufles in his hand, excommunicated him, pronounced him cut off from the Church of God, given over to the devil for the chastising of Elizabeth hated paying back as hearthis flesh, and left him chained by the ily as Falstaff, nor had she the least leg to a ring-bolt to repent of his cow-intention of throwing to the wolves ardice. a gallant Englishman, with whose

In the general good-humor punish-achievements the world was ringing. ment could not be of long duration. She was obliged to allow the treasure The next day the poor chaplain had his to be registered by a responsible offiabsolution and returned to his berth cial, and an account rendered to Menand his duty. The Pelican met with doza; but for all that she meant to no more adventures. Sweeping in fine, keep her own share of the spoils. She clear weather round the Cape of Good meant, too, that Drake and his brave Hope, she touched once for water at crew should not go unrewarded. Sierra Leone, and finally sailed in tri- Drake himself should have ten thouumph into Plymouth harbor, where sand pounds at least. she had been long given up for lost, having traced the first furrow round the globe. Winter had come eighteen months before, but could report nothing. The news of the doings on the American coast had reached England through Madrid. The Spanish ambassador had been furious. It was known that Spanish squadrons had been sent in search. Complications would arise if Drake brought his plunder home, and timid politicians hoped that he was at the bottom of the sea. But here he was, actually arrived with a monarch's ransom in his hold.

Her action was eminently characteristic of her. On the score of real justice there was no doubt at all how matters stood between herself and Philip, who had tried to dethrone and kill her.

The Pelican lay still at Plymouth with the bullion and jewels untouched. She directed that it should be landed and scheduled. She trusted the business to Edmund Tremayne, of Sydenham, a neighboring magistrate, on whom she could depend. She told him not to be too inquisitive, and she allowed Drake to go back and arrange the cargo before the examination was made. Let me now read you a letter from Tremayne himself to Sir Francis Walsingham:

English sympathy with an extraordinary exploit is always irresistible. Shouts of applause ran through the country, and Elizabeth, every bit of her an Englishwoman, felt with her "To give you some understanding subjects. She sent for Drake to Lon- how I have proceeded with Mr. Drake: don, made him tell his story over and I have at no time entered into the over again, and was never weary of account to know more of the value of listening to him. As to injury to Spain, Philip had lighted a fresh insurrection in Ireland, which had cost her dearly in lives and money. For Philip to demand compensation of England

the treasure than he made me acquainted with; and to say truth I persuaded him to impart to me no more than need, for so I saw him commanded in her Majesty's behalf that

man living. I have only taken notice of so much as he has revealed, and the same I have seen to be weighed, registered, and packed. And to observe her Majesty's commands for the ten thousand pounds, we agreed he should take it out of the portion that was landed secretly, and to remove the same out of the place before my son Henry and I should come to the weighing and registering of what was left; and so it was done, and no creature living by me made privy to it but himself; and myself no privier to it than you may perceive by this.

he should reveal the certainty to no gued and sat on ineffectually till the Armada came and the discussion ended, and the talk of restitution was over. Meanwhile opinion varied about Drake's own doings as it has varied since. Elizabeth listened spellbound to his adventures, sent for him to London again, and walked with him publicly about the parks and gardens. She gave him a second ten thousand pounds. The Pelican was sent round to Deptford; a royal banquet was held on board, Elizabeth attended and Drake was knighted. Mendoza clamored for the treasure in the Tower to be given up to him; Walsingham wished to give it to the Prince of Orange; Leicester and his party in the Council, who had helped to fit Drake out, thought it ought to be divided among themselves, and unless Mendoza lies they offered to share it with him if he would agree to a private arrangement. Mendoza says he answered that he would give twice as much to chastise such a bandit as Drake. Elizabeth thought it should be kept as a captured pawn in the game, and so in fact it remained after the deductions which we have seen had been made.

"I see nothing to charge Mr. Drake further than he is inclined to charge himself, and withal I must say he is inclined to advance the value to be delivered to her Majesty, and seeking in general to recompense all men that have been in the case dealers with him. As I dare take an oath, he will rather diminish his own portion than leave any of them unsatisfied. And for his mariners and followers I have seen here as eye-witness, and have heard with my ears, such certain signs of good-will as I cannot yet see that any of them will leave his company. Drake was lavish of his presents. The whole course of his voyage hath He presented the queen with a diashowed him to be of great valor; but|mond cross and a coronet set with my hap has been to see some particu- splendid emeralds. He gave Bromley, lars, and namely in this discharge of the lord chancellor, eight hundred dolhis company, as doth assure me that he lars' worth of silver plate, and as is a man of great government, and that much more to other members of the by the rules of God and his book, so Council. The queen wore her coronet as proceeding on such foundation his on New Year's day; the chancellor doings cannot but prosper." was content to decorate his sideboard at the cost of the Catholic king. Burghley and Sussex declined the splendid temptation; they said they could accept no such precious gifts from a man whose fortune had been made by plunder.

The result of it all was that deductions were made from the capture equivalent to the property which Drake and Hawkins held themselves to have been treacherously plundered of at San Juan de Ulloa, with perhaps other liberal allowances for the cost of re- Burghley lived to see better into covery. An account of part of what Drake's value. Meanwhile, what now remained was then given to Mendoza. are we, looking back over our history, It was not returned to him or to Philip, to say of these things, the Channel but was laid up in the Tower till the privateering; the seizure of Alva's final settlement of Philip's and the army money; the sharp practice of queen's claims on each other-the Hawkins with the Queen of Scots and cost, for one thing, of the rebellion in King Philip; or this amazing performIreland. Commissioners met and ar-ance of Sir Francis Drake in a vessel LIVING AGE. VOL. LXXXIV. 4343

no larger than a second-rate yacht of a moderu noble lord ?

war, and face the certainty of being hanged if they were taken. Yes; no doubt by the letter of the law of nations Drake and Hawkins were corsairs of the same stuff as Ulysses, as the rovers of Norway. But the common sense of Europe saw through the form to the substance which lay below it, and the instinct of their countrymen gave them a place among the fighting heroes of England, from which I do not think they will be deposed by the eventual verdict of history.

Resolution, daring, professional skill, all historians allow to these men; but, like Burghley, they regard what they did as piracy, not much better, if at all better, than the later exploits of Morgau and Kidd. So cried the Catholics who wished Elizabeth's ruin; so cried Lope de Vega and King Philip. In milder language, the modern philosopher repeats the unfavorable verdict, rejoices that he lives in an age when such doings are impossible, and apologizes faintly for the excesses of an imperfect age. May I remind the philosopher that we live in an age when other things have also happily become impossible, and that if he and his friends were liable when they went abroad for their summer tours to be snapped up by the familiars of the Inquisition, whipped, burnt alive, or sent to the galleys, he would perhaps think more leniently of any measures by higher as the morning advanced. which that respectable institution and its masters might be induced to treat philosophers with greater consideration ?

From The Nineteenth Century. THROUGH THE KHYBER PASS.

LATE in the evening on the 2nd of December, I left Lahore by the mail to Peshawar, an eighteen hours' journey. When I awoke next morning near Rawal Pindi the train was winding slowly among low hills, which grew

About noon it glided out of a cutting into Attock station, and we saw in front across its path a deep valley between sloping irregular rocks, which Again, remember Doctor Johnson's hemmed in on each side the grey swirlwarning, Beware of cant. In that in- ing waters of a swift river. The train tensely serious century men were more crossed the valley by a bridge high occupied with the realities than the above the stream, giving us glimpses forms of things. By encouraging re- on either hand of the gorge of the Inbellion in England and Ireland, by dus. The stream flows between grey burning so many scores of poor English rocks which rise on each side in broken, seamen and merchants in fools' coats stony slopes to the tops of the hills, a at Seville, the king of Spain had given mile from the river and a thousand feet Elizabeth a hundred occasions for de- above it. The hills are unmitigated claring war against him. Situated as rock, bare and bleak. Here and there she was, with so many disaffected a sage-green bush dots the hillside, but Catholic subjects, she could not begin it only emphasizes the general barrena war on such a quarrel. She had to ness of the scene. Across the bridge use such resources as she had, and of the train turns to the right and goes up these resources the best was a splendid the valley for a mile or two, giving us race of men, who were not afraid to do glimpses of the river and of the great for her at their own risk what commis- bridge. As we near the station at sioned officers would and might have Khairabad we look across the river at justly done had formal war been de- the old Mogul fort of Attock, its high, clared, men who defeated the national loopholed walls and battlements on a enemy with materials conquered from cliff a hundred feet above the water. himself, who were devoted enough to Below, to the left of it, is a wide plain dispense with the personal security stretching as far as the eye can reach, which the sovereign's commission like a vast swamp, with one or two would have extended to prisoners of silvery bands of water, the winter

streams of the Indus approaching the only one in the town. Every one looks gorge. Beyond Khairabad the railway at you. There is no staring and no leaves the Indus and follows the valley of its tributary, the Kabul River. At four o'clock we pass the citadel of Peshawur, crowning a rock that juts up from the plain, and a few minutes later the train stops at Peshawar Cantonment, the Ultima Thule of British India.

rudeness, but you feel the eyes. The looks of the first half-dozen men you pass, as they sit in their shops or stand in the street, give you a new and strange sensation. You straighten yourself and hold your head up, with a resolve, of which you are hardly conscious till afterwards, that if a knife is The cantonment, at an Indian town, plunged into your back you will not means the place where the English flinch. The eyes about you suggest live. The native town is usually en- that if there were no cantonment, no closed by high walls and accessible only others to ask for an account of you, by a few gates; it is brimful of people, your throat would be cut and your who crowd its bazaars or shop streets. corpse thrown away, and that the peoQuite outside the town and a mile or ple in the street would look on without two away is the cantonment, an un- moving. You immediately feel that walled district, where each house there is a responsibility in being an stands in its own inclosure or com- Englishman; you are a representative pound, and where the regiments, British or native, are quartered in "lines" or rows of huts. The cantonment usually has wide, well-kept roads, with a grassy margin and avenues of fine trees, giving it the appearance of a great park. The English visitor, if he stays with friends, might be a week without seeing the native town at all, unless his curiosity prompted an excursion in search of it. There is always in the cantonment a club, with a ladies' wing (unless the ladies have a gymkhana or club of their own), and, be-tock and the valley of the Kabul River, sides the various parade grounds, a polo ground or a tennis court, so that a visitor bent only on amusement has plenty of resources.

The town gate of Peshawar is a mile from the cantonment, and the morning after my arrival I drove in with no companion but a native interpreter. Peshawar, with its mud and wood houses, its latticed windows, and its multitude of men, is infinitely picturesque. But the impression of the first visit upon an Englishman is not due to the quaint appearance of the houses nor to the Eastern dress of the inhabitants. There are about eighty thousand natives in the city. As soon as you are through the gate and inside the walls you are among them. Not another Englishman is to be seen, and possibly enough you are, at the moment, the

of your race, and all that you do and say must be worthy of the position. The first duty is to not mind the eighty thousand people in Peshawar nor anything they may do. Those first five minutes in the Peshawar bazaar reveal to you the secret of British power in the East. It is impossible without utter fearlessness.1

I had been advised to see the view from a watch tower in the fort. As I stepped on to the roof my first glance was along the railway line towards At

by which I had come. This valley was the only opening in a circle of mountains surrounding the spacious plain. To the left the plain would have seemed endless but that beyond it were visible giant mountains one behind another, and above and beyond them all the cold, pale snows of the Hindu Kush. Turning round, I found myself facing a semicircle of black, rugged hills about fifteen miles away, that

1 The undoubted hostility of part, at least, of the population of Peshawar is, of course, not representative of any general feeling in India. But I have seen the same expression and had the same feelings resulting from it in Multan and Lucknow.

Each of these cities was the scene and bears the marks of a bitter conflict: Multan of the murder

of Agnew and Anderson and the subsequent siege, and Lucknow of the siege and relief of the residency. I was startled, however, to observe the same expression, unmistakable, on the faces of Bengalis at Calcutta.

seemed to rise straight up out of the The Jellallabad basin belongs to the

plain and shut it in like a wall. No ameer and the Peshawar basin to outlets were visible, but the directions Great Britain, but the Khyber block of of the passes that cross the hills were mountains belongs to the tribes who pointed out by a Sikh policeman: to inhabit it-independent Afghans or, the south the Kohat Pass, to the west in border language, Pathans. These the Bazaar Valley and the Khyber, to Khyber Pathans can raise but scant the right of which the Kabul River crops from their native rocks. They issues from the mountains. The flat cannot "live on their holdings," and ground at our feet is British territory; must needs have some other resource but the mountains all round are Af- by which to eke out their sustenance. ghan. Here in the plain the queen's This additional source of revenue is peace is kept; there in the mountains the pass. From time immemorial they live Pathan tribes who acknowledge have taken toll from all who go neither queen nor ameer. We are at through. Being poor, uncivilized, and the edge of the empire.

The Khyber Pass is generally thought of as the northernmost gate in a great mountain wall separating India from Afghanistan. In reality it is the small gate through an outer wall, leading into an inclosure, the plain of Jellallabad. Beyond this is the real wall with its great gates, the passes from Jellallabad to Kabul.

accustomed to fight, their methods of levying what they conceive to be their due are rough and irregular. But from their point of view the dues are their traditional, inalienable right. They are, however, very businesslike people. Their point is to receive the money. They are by no means disposed to insist on rough modes of collection. Accordingly they are open to contract for Put three basins in a row, and where the tolls. During the first Afghan war two of them touch each other break they took a rent in lieu of pass dues down the edges a little. Call the from the British, and caused trouble middle basin that of Jellallabad, the only when they believed they were left-hand one that of Kabul, and the being defrauded. Since the last Afright-hand one that of Peshawar. The ghan war the same arrangement has broken-down rim between Peshawar been renewed. Each tribe receives an and Jellallabad is the Khyber range, a annual payment from the British govblock of hills twenty miles through ernment, in return for which the pass from basin to basin and over five thou- is free to all authorized travellers on sand feet high. The broken-down, certain days in the week. There is double rim between Jellallabad and also a modern device by which the Kabul is a mass of mountains (the good relation between the British govKarkacha and Kurd Kabul ranges) ernment and the tribes is increased. some ten thousand feet high and fifty A corps of troops called the Khyber miles through from basin to basin. Rifles is recruited from the tribesmen, Except at these two broken-down ends and occupied to guard the pass on the the rim of the Jellallabad basin is made open days and to supply escorts to carup all round of much higher and prac-avans and travellers. The pay of the tically impassable mountains. Accord- men, of course, finds its way to their ingly all traffic between Peshawar and villages, and the whole population Kabul must go through the Jellalla- grows accustomed to a sort of respect bad valley, getting in or coming out for British authority. All these arthrough the Khyber range. The range rangements are in the hands of Colonel has only one road through it. There is Warburton, whose official title is "Poa gorge through which the Kabul River litical Officer, Khyber Pass." His poforces its way, and there are paths, dif- sition as paymaster to the tribes makes ficult, high, and tortuous, but the only him a sort of half-recognized king. He road by which traffic is possible follows frequently settles their disputes, and the Khyber Pass. by the exercise of a delicate tact and of