CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

GEOLOGY.

Stratified and Unstratified Rocks--Dip-Rise-Outcrop-Strike-Diversified arrange-

ment of Rocks-Faults-Classification of the Rocks into Systems-Igneous Rocks

-Description of the different systems of Stratified Rocks—(Three illustrations)

PAGES

1-10

CHAPTER II.

SEARCH FOR COAL.

In Untried Districts by the Application of Geological Knowledge-Search in both an Unknown

and Proved Coalfield by Boring-The operation of Hand-boring by the use of Rigid

Rods-Boring with the Diamond Drill-Particulars of Deep Bore-holes-Application

of the Result obtained by a Series of Bores-Search for Coal in South Staffordshire-

Search for Coal in Kent-(Sixteen illustrations)

11-35

CHAPTER III.

MINERAL LEASES AND OTHER HOLDINGS.

Ownership of Minerals in the British Isles-Severance of Mineral and Surface Owner-

ship-Freehold Properties– Copyhold Tenure— Minerals worked by Owners or Leased

to Others-Take-notes or Licences to Search-Arranging a Mining Lease-Effect

of Severance of Ownership in Working—Responsibility for Surface Damage and for

Local Rates and Taxes-Theoretical Perfect Lease-Terms of Leases in Northum-

berland and Durham-Royalties-Annual Certain Rent-Short Workings-Second

Royalty Rent under Copyhold Land-Surface Wayleaves-Underground Way.

leave-Under-Sea Coal-Outstroke-Instroke Rent-Shaft Rent-Aircourse and

Watercourse Easements-Buildings reverting to Lessor at Termination of Lease--

Free Houses and Coal for Miners in Northumberland and Durham-Building

Leases for Cottages-Arbitration-Farms included in Mining Lease-Renewal of

Lease Reduction of Rent in Bad Times-Joint-ownership of Minerals-Terms of

Leases in West Yorkshire; in South Yorkshire; in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire

and Leicestershire; in the Cannock Chase District; in West Cumberland; in

Lancashire; in Scotland; in South Wales; in Somersetshire; in North Wales--

Forest of Dean Coalfield-Crown Grants in the Forest-Free Miners-Gaveller of

the Forest of Dean-Certain Rents and Royalties in the Forest-Sale of Gales by

Free Miners-Forfeiture of Gales-Ancient Mining Customs in Derbyshire-Licences

to Search, and Leases from the Crown, in Isle of Man-Terms of Leases in Kilkenny

and Tyrone Coalfields-State Minerals in Spain--Leases from Concessionaires-

State Minerals in France-Coal and Iron in Belgium-State Control of Coal and

Iron in Germany-Ownership of Lands in United States-Experimental lease of

Lead and Copper Mines by Federal Government-Mexican Grants-Patents Granted

by United States Government-Effect of the Discovery of Gold and Silver in

California - Boundaries of Mineral Grants - Price of Coal Lands on the Public

Domain-Wayleaves over Public Land-Mining Laws of Separate States-Classifica-

tion of Coal Mines in the United States-Minerals in Newfoundland-Royalties on

Crown Lands in British Columbia-Ownership and Working of Minerals in New

South Wales-Crown Licences and Leases in Queensland-in South Australia-

in Victoria-in Western Australia-in New Zealand-in Tasmania-Ownership

and Working of Minerals in India--(One illustration)

PAGES

36-69

CHAPTER IV.

SHAFT-SINKING.

Forms of Shafts-Mode of keeping them truly Vertical during the Sinking-Circumstances

calling for consideration in Selecting their Sites-The Tools and Appliances used in

Sinking-Timbering as it proceeds-Walling-Tubbing-Machine Drills to Expedite

Sinking-Piling through Quicksands-Sinking through Quicksands by hollow

Cylinders of Cast-iron-Poetsch's Freezing System of Sinking through Quicksands—

Gobert System-The Kind-Chaudron System of Sinking-Explosives used for Blasting

in Sinking-Deep Shafts-(Thirty-one illustrations)

70-104

CHAPTER V.

FITTING UP THE SHAFT AND SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS.

Arrangement of Pit Bottom for Small and Large Trams-Shaft Gates-Conductors—

Buntons-Keeps-Pit Cages-Safety Cages-Detaching Hooks-Pit Head-gear-

Pulleys--Ropes-Capping Round and Flat Ropes-Observations for Users of

Ropes-Tables of different qualities of Round and Flat Ropes and of Chains—

Method of Splicing Ropes-Shaft signals--Pit Stage-Tipplers-Screens and under

Railways-Winding Engines-Conical and Spiral Drums-Steam-brake to prevent

over-winding-Counterbalancing the Load in Shaft-Rules for Winding Engines-

Calculations of Sizes required under given Conditions-Questions and Answers

on Steam and Steam-engines-Systems of Winding Coal up Shafts without using

Drums (Forty-three illustrations)
105-157

CHAPTER VI.

SURFACE ARRANGEMENTS (continued).

STEAM BOILERS AND THEIR FITTINGS.

Ordinary Forms of Colliery Boilers, "Egg-ended," Cornish, and Lancashire-General

Construction and Flue Arrangements--Galloway Tubes for Cornish and Lancashire

Boilers-Details of Construction-Riveting, Punching, and Drilling-Caulking—

PAGES

Welded Shell Joints-Attachment of Flat Ends-Expansion Joints for Internal Tubes

-Relative Strengths of Different Riveted Joints-Diagonal Seams-Complete Shell

Rings-Means of Strengthening Apertures cut in the Shell-Seating a Lancashire

Boiler-Faulty Methods of Seating--Seating Blocks and Crown Tiles-Means of

Preventing Radiation of Heat-Position on the Surface in which to place Boilers-

Boiler Fittings-Mechanical Stokers-Hydraulic Test-Steam-pipe Connection---

Steam-pipe Expansion Joints-Heating the Feed-water before it enters the Boilers-

Feed-pumps and Injectors-Chimneys and Chimney Flues-Galloway Breeches-

Flued Boilers-Babcock and Wilcox Water-tube Boilers-Arnold's Boiler-Vertical

Boilers Safeguards against Explosions-Grooving, &c. -- Necessity for Care in

Tending Boilers-Water Impurities--Analysing and Purifying Feed-water by the

Addition of Chemicals -Archbutt and Deeley's Method of Purification-The Hotch-

kiss Boiler-Cleaner-Seales' Patent Water Purifier-Sanderson's Patent Feed-water

Purifier and Heater- Periodical Examination of Boilers by Experts-Causes of Ex-

plosion - Dangerous Practices when Cleaning Boilers-Warming Surface Buildings

by Steam-Rules relating to Boilers-Separators, Steam-traps, and Burnam's Steam

Loop-Feed-water Heaters and Economisers-Warning Whistles, &c.—(Seventy illus

trations)
158-223

-

CHAPTER VII.

TIMBERING AND WALLING.

or

The kind of Timber used at Collieries-Storing it Underground-Method of fixing Props

and Lids-Temporary Props and Lids-"Dog" for drawing Props-"Sets" of Timber

and their fixing in Main Roadways-Timber for Collars-Sills under Props-Timbering

for a bad Roof, where the Floor and Sides are good-Lagging-Timbering for a bad

Roof and Side, the other Side and Floor being good-Timbering for a bad Roof and

Sides, with a good Floor-Timbering for a bad Roof, Floor and Sides-Lagging of

Trees and Brushwood-Sizes of Timbers and their distance apart-" Cogs

"Chocks"-Methods of Timbering in France-Notching the Timber-Cast-iron Props

-Wrought Iron and Steel Supports-Storing the Timber on the surface-Creosoting

as a means of preserving Timber from decay-Customs as to Setting and Drawing the

Timber--Walling the Main Roads from the Shaft-Material used in Walling-Semi-

circular arched Roadway-Invert under Side Walls-"Horse-shoe" Arch-Elliptical

Arch for Roadway-Process of building Arches -Necessity of removing all Timber,

and tightly packing behind the Walls of Arches-Packing the Top and Sides with

Sand (Twenty-six illustrations)
224-237

CHAPTER VIII.

NARROW WORK AND METHODS OF WORKING.

Shaft Pillars-Water-Levels-Cross-measure Drifts from Shafts sunk through inclined strata

-Stone Drifts through faults-Longwall Method of Working-Post and Stall System

-Different Arrangements of Single Road Stall Working-Double Road Stall Method

and its Modifications-Method of Working and Timbering adopted at the following

Collieries :-Celynen, Risca, and the Ocean-Wicket System of North Wales-The

Bank System of South Yorkshire-Method of Working and Timbering adopted

at the following Collieries :-Lundhill, Kiveton Park, High Park, Wearmouth, Silks-

worth, Florence, Great Fenton, Cannock and Rugeley, Pemberton, Clifton Hall,

Pendlebury, Sovereign, Radstock, Kingswood, Allanshaw, Cowdenbeath-Working thin

seams in Northern France and Belgium-Square-work Working of the Staffordshire

thick coal seam-Working the thick coal seams of Poland, Upper Silesia, and

Bohemia-Dealing with excessively thick coal seams by Longwall and Post and Stall

-Questions and Answers bearing on the subjects of the Chapter-(Eighty-three

illustrations)

PAGES

238-323

CHAPTER IX.

SURFACE RAILWAYS AND UNDERGROUND CONVEYANCE.

Making a Surface Railway or Tramway-Sleepers, Rails, Points and Crossings-Rails used

on Main and Minor Roads Underground-Steel Sleepers-Portable Tramways-

Construction of Tubs-Inclination suitable for Main Levels and Self-acting Inclines

--Arrangement of Rails and Friction Rollers on Inclines-Blocks at the Bank-head-

Reumaux's Safety Catch for Inclined Planes--Mortier's Safety Catch-Method of

Fixing the Incline Drum-The "Seizer" placed at the Foot of Inclined Planes-

Accidents on Self-acting Inclines-Arrangement for Stopping Run-away Tubs down

Inclines-Cut-chain Haulage on Inclines Counterbalance Tram for Inclines-

Different Systems of Engine Planes-Direct Haulage-Tail-rope-No. 1 Endless

Rope-No. 2 Endless Rope-Endless Chain-Signals on Engine Planes-Size of

Hauling Engines necessary-Compressed Air as a Motive Power-Compound Hauling

Engines-Determination of Gradient for Horse Road and Inclined Plane---Calculating

the Friction of Tubs-(Sixty-three illustrations)

324-371

CHAPTER X.

DRAINAGE.

Winding Water up Shafts-Lifting and Forcing Pumps-Main Column Pipes, Bends,

T and Y Pieces-Pipe Joints-Spears and their Attachments-Supporting the Column

-Ram-case, Bucket and Clack

General

Hanging Clack and Bucket Doors -

Arrangement of Lifting and Forcing Sets of Pumps-Determination of Weight

Necessary for Balance Bobs--Use and Action of the Air Vessel—Bunton and Plank

Brattices to form compartment in Shaft for Pumps-Arrangement for a Sinking Set

of Pumps Sliding Suction for Sinking Set-Messrs. Thornewill and Warham's Details

of Pump Work-The Cornish Pumping Engine The Cornish Double-beat Valve-

Davey's Differential Valve Gear for Cornish Engine-Thomson-Symington Lift and

Force Pump-General Details of Steam Pumps-Pump Valves-Steam Pressure :

Methods of Dealing with the Exhaust Steam-Water Speed in Pipes-Davey's

Compound Differential Pumping Engine--The Worthington Compound Expansive

Pumping Engine-Relative Advantages of placing Pumping Engines Above and

Underground-Rotary Horizontal Simple Steam Engines working Piston and Ram

Pumps-Rotary Vertical Simple Steam Pumps-Rotary Horizontal Compound Steam

Pumps-Rotary Vertical Compound Steam Pumps-Riedler Steam Pumps-Riedler

Differential Pump--Non-rotary Horizontal Simple Non-expansive Non-condensing

Engines working Piston and Plunger Pumps-Duplex Non-expansive Non-condensing

Engines working Piston and Plunger Pumps-Non-rotary Vertical Single Steam

Cylinder Non-expansive Non-condensing Engines working Piston Pumps-Sinking

Pumps-Duplex Sinking Pumps-Non-rotary Compound Horizontal Steam Cylinder

Expansive Condensing Engines working Piston and Ram Pumps-Compound Duplex

Pumps-Non-rotary Compound Vertical Engines-Triple-expansion Steam Pumps--

Centrifugal Pumps-Steam Turbo Pumps-Pulsating Steam Pumps-Hydraulic

Pumping Engines-Electrical Pumps-Riedler Express Pump-Electrical Sinking

Pump-Electrical Centrifugal Pumps-Duty of Engines-Syphons for Drainage of

Underground Roadways-Memoranda-Powers of Engines for given work-Calculation

of Contents of Water Barrels—(Two hundred and forty-four illustrations)..

372-575

CHAPTER XI.

THE GASES OF THE COAL MINE: VENTILATION.

Compressibility and Elasticity-Specific Gravity-Diffusion-Chemical Names, Symbols,

and Formula-General Character and Composition of Air: Oxygen, Nitrogen,

Hydrogen, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide-Hydrogen Sulphide

-Explosions-Explosives-Natural Ventilation-The Furnace -The Waterfall-

The Steam Jet-The Struvé Ventilator-Nixon's Ventilator-The Fabry Ventilator

-The Lemielle Ventilator-Cook's Ventilator-Root's Ventilator-Guibal Fan--

Waddle Fan-The Schiele Fan-The Capell Fan-The Medium Fan-Fan Arrange-

ment for a Winding Shaft-Two Separate Engines to Drive Fan-Duplicate Fan and

Engine-Ascensional Ventilation-Stoppings to Direct the Underground Air-currents-

Advantages of Air-splitting-Regulators-Doors on Travelling Roads-Air-crossings---

Brattice-Velocities of Air-currents in the Roads and Shafts--Relative Sizes of Down-

cast and Upcast Shafts—Anemometer and Measuring the Volumes of Air-Ther-

mometer-Hygrometer-Barometer-Effect of Diminished Atmospheric Pressure in

Seams yielding Firedamp-Barometric Rules-Water-gauge-Motive Column and

Rule to ascertain it-Horse-power of Ventilation-Useful Effect of Ventilating Fans

-Theoretical Quantities of Air displaced by Fans-Rules for Total Volumes of Air

required at Collieries—(Fifty-six illustrations).

PAGES

576-647

CHAPTER XII.

THE FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES: VENTILATION.

The Pressure necessary to overcome Friction-Rate of Increase or Decrease of Pressure--

Power necessary to produce Ventilation-Rate of Increase or Decrease of Power---

Best Form of Airway-The Co-efficient of Friction-Measurement of Ventilating

Pressure-Loss of Pressure in Shafts and Airways—Splitting the Air into an Upper

and a Lower Coal Seam-Dimensions of Ventilating Fans-Splitting the Air in three

Coal Seams-Splitting in one Coal Seam in communication with more than two Shafts--

The Effect of Obstructions and of Regulators in Airways-Bratticing-Natural

Ventilating Pressure-Examples on Pressures and Powers of Different Shaped Air-

ways-Questions and Answers on Ventilation-(Twenty-nine_illustrations). 648-768

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PRIESTMAN OIL ENGINE: PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS.

Application of the Oil Engine to Mining-Description of its Action-Cost of Working-

Its Advantages in certain Positions-Rules for the Prevention of Accident from its

Use-Particulars of its Application as a Hauling Engine-Different Nature of Work

performed by Oil Engines-Quality of the Oil Used-Character of Petroleum-

Geological Formations in which Found Possibility of a Boring first Tapping

Petroleum, Water, or Gas-A Theoretical Mode of Production-Professor Mendeleeff's

Theory of Petroleum Formation-Comparison of Manufactured and Natural Petroleum

-Possibility of the Exhaustion of Coalfields and Continuance of Oil-fields-Chemical

Composition of Petroleum--Natural Gas in Commercially Profitable Quantities --

Where found - Particulars of the Findlay Gas Well-Increase of Capital employed

in the Use of Natural Gas-Shrinkage in its Supply-Burning the Gas on the Surface

of River Water and on the Ground-Analysis of Pittsburg Natural Gas-Its Occurrence

in the United Kingdom-Petroleum in Europe with the Number of Wells bored and

their Depth in the Baku Oil-field-Known Oil Regions of the United States, Canada,

and Mexico-Number of Wells Bored and their Average Depth in America-Oil-fields

of South America, Australia, New Zealand, North Africa, South Africa, Persia,

Burmah and India-Petroleum in China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Japan-(Two

illustrations)

769-778