this did produce, these few may be observed: | suitable meanes and courses, for the levying 1. The impairing the goodnesse, and enhaun- and managing of it. cing the price of most of the commodities and manufactures of the realme, yea, of those which are of most necessarie and common use, as salt, soape, beere, coles, and infinite others. 2. That, under colour of licences, trades and manufactures are restrained to a few hands, and many of the subjects deprived of their ordinary way of livelihood. 3. That upon such illegall grants, a great number of persons had beene unjustly vexed by pursevants, imprisonments, attendance upon the councell-table, forfeiture of goods, and many other wayes. "The fifth head was the inlargement of the forrests beyond the bounds and perambulations appointed and established by act of Parliament, 27 & 28 Edward I.; and this is done upon the very reasons and exceptions which had beene on the king's part propounded, and by the Commons answered, in Parliament, not long after that establishment. It is not unknowne to many in this House, that those perambulations were the fruit and effect of that famous charter which is called Charta de forrestâ, whereby many tumults, troubles, and discontents had beene taken away, and composed between the king and his subjects; and it is full of danger, that, by reviving those old questions, wee may fall into the like distempers. Hereby, however, no blame could fall upon that great lord, who is now justice in Eyre, and in whose name these things were acted; it could not be ex and customes of the realme, therefore he was carefull to procure the assistance and direction of the judges; and if any thing were done against law, it was for them to answer, and not for him. "The fourth head of civill grievances was that great and unparalleled grievance of the ship-money, which, though it may seeme to have more warrant of law than the rest, because there hath a judgement passed for it, yet in truth it is thereby aggravated, if it bee considered that the judgement is founded upon the naked opinion of some judges without any writ-pected that he should take notice of the lawes ten law, without any custome, or authoritie of law-bookes, yea, without any one president for it! Many expresse lawes, many declarations in Parliaments, and the constant practice and judgement at all times being against it! yea, in the very nature of it, it will be found to be disproportionable to the case of necessitie' which is pretended to be the ground of it! Necessitie excludes all formalities and solemnities. It is no time then to make levies and taxes, to build and prepare ships. Every man's person, every man's ships, are to be imployed for the resisting of an invading enemie. The right on the subject's part was so cleare, and the pretences against it so weake, that hee thought no man would venture his reputation or conscience in the defence of that judgement, being so contrary to the grounds of the law, to the practice of former times, and so inconsistent in its selfe. "The particular irregularities and obliquities of this businesse were these: 1. The surreptitious procuring a verdict for the king, without giving notice to the countrey, whereby they might be prepared to give in evidence for their own interest and indemnitie, as was done in Essex. 2. Whereas the judges in the justice seat in Essex were consulted with about the entry of the former verdict, and delivered their opinion touching that alone, without meddling with the point of right, this opinion was after inforced in other counties, as if it had beene a judgement upon the matter, and the counsell for the county discountenanced in speaking, because it was said to be alreadie adjudged. 3. The inherit"Amongst many inconveniences and obli- ance of divers of the subjects have beene herequities of this grievance, he noted these: 1. upon disturbed, after the quiet possession of That it extendeth to all persons and to all three or four hundred years, and a way opened times; it subjecteth our goods to distresse, and for the disturbance of many others. 4. Great our persons to imprisonment; and, the causes summes of money have beene drawn from such of it being secret and invisible, referred to his as have lands within these pretended bounds, majestie's breast alone, the subject was left and those who have forborne to make compowithout possibilitie of exception and reliefe. 2. sition have beene threatened with the execuThat there were no rules or limits for the pro- tion of these forrest lawes. 5. The fifth was portion; so that no man knew what estate he the selling of nusances, or at least some such had, or how to order his course or expences. things as are supposed to bee nusances. The 3. That it was taken out of the subject's purse king, as father of the Commonwealth, is to take by a writ, and brought into the king's coffers care of the publike commodities and advantaby instructions from the lords of his most hon-ges of his subjects, as rivers, highways, comourable privie councell. Now in the legall de- mon sewers, and such like, and is to remove fence of it, the writ onely did appeare; of the whatsoever is prejudiciall to them; and for the instructions there was no notice taken, which triall of those, there are legall and ordinary yet in the real execution of it were most pre-writs of ad quod damnum; but of late a new dominant. It carries the face of service in the writ, and of revenue in the instructions. Why, if this way had not beene found to turn the ship into money, it would easily have appeared how incompatible this service is with the office of a sheriffe in the inland counties, and how incongruous and inconvenient for the inhabitants! The law in a body politike is like Nature, which always prepareth and disposeth proper and fit instruments and organes for every naturall operaIf the law had intended any such charge as this, there should have beene certaine rules, Y tion. and extra-judiciall way hath beene taken, of declaring matters to be nusances; and divers have thereupon beene questioned, and if they would not compound, they have beene fined; if they doe compound, that which was first prosecuted as a common nusance is taken into the king's protection, and allowed to stand; and having yeelded the king money, no further care is taken whether it be good or bad for the Commonwealth. By this a very great and publike trust is either broken or abused. If the matter compounded for be truly a nusance, then it is broken to the hurt of the people; if it bee | 2. The provision of publike magazines for pownot a nusance, then it is abused to the hurt of der and other munition, spades and pickaxes. the partie. The particulars mentioned were: 3. The salarie of divers officers besides the First, The commission for buildings in and about muster-master. 4. The buying of cart-horses this towne, which heretofore hath beene pre- and carts, and hiring of carts for carriages. sented by this House as a grievance in King "The eighth head of civill grievances was James his time, but now of late the execution the extra-judiciall declarations of judges, wherehath beene much more frequent and prejudi- by the subjects have beene bound in matters of ciall than it was before. Secondly, Commis- great importance without hearing of councell sion for depopulations, which began some few or argument on their part, and are left without yeares since, and is still in hot prosecution. legall remedie, by writ of errour or otherwise. By both these the subject is restrained from He remembered the expression used by a fordisposing of his owne. Some have beene com- mer member of the House, of a 'teeming Parmanded to demolish their houses; others have liament.' This (hee said) was a teeming grievbeene forbidden to build; others, after great ance; from hence have issued most of the trouble and vexation, have beene forced to re-great grievances now in being: the ship-money, deeme their peace with large summes, and they still remaine, by law, as lyable to a new question as before; for it is agreed by all, that the king cannot licence a common nusance; and although indeed these are not such, yet it is a matter of very ill consequence, that under that name they should be compounded for, and may in ill times hereafter bee made a president for the kings of this realme to claime a power of licencing such things as are nusances indeed. the pretended nusances alreadie mentioned, and some others which have not yet beene toucht upon, especially that concerning the proceedings of ecclesiastical courts. "The ninth generall head was, that the authoritie and wisdome of the councell-table have beene applied to the contriving and managing of severall monopolies, and other great grievances. The institution of the councell-table was much for the advantage and securitie of the subject, "The seventh great civill grievance hath to avoid surreptitious and precipitate courts in beene the militarie charges laid upon the sever- the great affaires of the kingdome. But by law all counties of the kingdome, sometimes by an oath should be taken by all those of the warrant under his majestie's signature, some-king's councell, in which, amongst other things, times by letters from the councell-table, and sometimes (such hath beene the boldnesse and presumption of some men) by the order of the lord-lieutenants, or deputy-lieutenant alone. This is a growing evill, still multiplying and in- "It was the honour of that table to bee, as it creasing from a few particulars to many, from were, incorporated with the king; his royall powsmall summes to great. It began first to beer and greatnesse did shine most conspicuouspractised as a loane, for supply of coat and con-ly in their actions and in their councells. Wee duct money; and for this it hath some coun-have heard of projectors and resurees heretotenance from the use in Queene Elizabeth's time, when the lords of the councell did often desire the deputy-lieutenants to procure so much money to be laid out in the countrey as the service did require, with a promise to pay it againe in London, for which purpose there was a constant warrant in the Exchequer. This (he said) was the practice in her time, and in a great part of King James's. But the payments were then so certaine, as it was little otherwise than taking up money upon bills of exchange. At this day they follow these presidents in the manner of the demand (for it is with a promise of a repayment), but not in the certaintie and readinesse of satisfaction. it is exprest that they should for no cause forbeare to doe right to all the king's people. If such an oath be not now taken, he wisht it might be brought into use againe. "The first particular brought into a tax (as he thought) was the muster-master's wages, at which many repined; but being for small summes, it began to bee generally digested; yet, in the last Parliament, this House was sensible of it, and to avoid the danger of the president that the subjects should be forced to make any payments without consent in Parliament, they thought upon a bill that might bee a rule to the lieutenants what to demand, and to the people what to pay. But the hopes of this bill were dasht in the dissolution of that Parliament. Now of late divers other particulars are growing into practice, which make the grievance much more heavie. Those mentioned were these: 1. Pressing men against their will, and forcing them which are rich or unwilling to serve, to find others in their place. fore; and what opinion and relish they have found in this House is not unknowne. But that any such thing should be acted by the councelltable which might give strength and countenance to monopolies, as it hath not beene used till now of late, so it cannot be apprehended without the just griefe of the honest subject, and encourage. ment of those who are ill affected. He remembered that in tertio of this king, a noble gentleman, then a very worthy member of the Commons' House, now a great lord and eminent counsellour of state, did in this place declare an opinion concerning that clause used to bee inserted in pattents of monopolie, whereby justices of peace are commanded to assist the pattentees; and that he urged it to bee a great dishonour to those gentlemen which are in commission to be so meanely employed: with how much more reason may wee, in jealousie of the honour of the councell-table, humbly desire that their precious time, their great abilities, designed to the publike care and service of the kingdome, may not receive such a staine, such a diminution, as to be imployed in matters of so ill report, in the estimation of the law; of so ill effect, in the apprehension of the people! "The tenth head of civill grievances was comprised in the high court of Star Chamber, which some thinke succeeded that which in the Parliament rolls is called magnum concilium, and to which Parliaments were wont so often to referre those important matters which they had no time to determine. But now this court, which in the late restauration or erection of it, would thus expresse: The long intermission of These extracts will be thought as important as they are interesting by every student of English History, or of the noblest aspects of the English character. To abridge them would be indeed to realize the story of the man who put a brick in his pocket, thinking to show it as the model of a house. What a grave, clear, solid, and laborious style! What honest seriousness and simplicity of tone in the reasoning! What an exquisite general union of fact and feeling in the ideas! What tenacity and firmness in the expression! Nowhere is there any affectation of philosophy or fine taste; the understanding is invigorated and nourished throughout with its proper food. I will only observe farther, that the wonderful adaptation of the manner and construction of the speech to the peculiar circumstances of the occasion will be better felt by the reader hereafter. 66 "The eleventh head of civill grievance was now come to. Hee said hee was gone very high, yet hee must go a little higher. That great and most eminent power of the king, of making Having gone through the severall heads ediets and proclamations, which are said to be of grievances, he came to the second maine leges temporis, and by means of which our prin- branch, propounded in the beginning: that the ces have used to encounter with such sudden disorders from whence these grievances issued and unexpected danger as would not indure so were as hurtfull to the king as to the people, of much delay as assembling the great councell of which he gave divers reasons: 1. The interthe kingdome--this, which is one of the most ruption of the sweet communion which ought glorious beames of majestie, most rigorous in to be betwixt the king and his people in matters commanding reverence and subjection, hath, to of grace and supply. They have need of him our unspeakable griefe, beene often exercised by his generall pardon; to be secured from proof late for the injoyning and maintaining sun-jectors and informers; to bee freed from obsodry monopolies and other grants, exceeding burdensome, and prejudiciall to the people. The twelfth next. Now, although he was come as high as he could upon earth, yet the presumption of evill men did leade him one step higher-even as high as heaven-as high as the throne of God! It was now (hee said) growne common for ambitious and corrupt men of the clergie to abuse the truth of God and the bond of conscience, preaching downe the lawes and liberties of the kingdome, and pretending divine authoritie for an absolute power in the king, to doe what he would with our persons and goods. This hath beene so often published in sermons and printed bookes, that it is now the high way to preferment! In the last Parliament we had a sentence of an offence of this kind against one Mainwaring, then a doctor, now a bishop, concerning whom (hee said) hee would say no more but this, that when he saw him at that barre, in the must humble and dejected posture that ever he observed, he thought he would not so soone have leapt into a bishop's chaire! But his successe hath emboldened others; therefore (hee said) this may well bee noted as a double grievance, that such doctrine should be allowed, and that such men should bee preferred-yea, as a roote of grievances, whereby they indeavour to corrupt the king's conscience, and, as much as in them lyes, to deprive the people of that royall protection to which his majestie is bound by the fundamentall lawes of the kingdome, and by his owne personall oath. The thirteenth head of civill grievances he lete lawes; from the subtle devices of such as seek to restraine the prerogative to their owne private advantage and the publike hurt; and he hath need of them for counsel and support in great and extraordinary occasions. This mutuall intercourse, if indeed sustained, would so weane the affections and interests of his subjects into his actions and designes, that their wealth and their persons would be his; his owne estate would be managed to most advantage; and publike undertakings would be prosecute! at the charge and adventure of the subject. The victorious attempts in Queene Elizabeth's time upon Portugall, Spaine, and the Indies were for the greatest part made upon the subjects' purses, and not upon the queene's, though the honour and profit of the successe did most accrew to her. 2. Those often breaches and discontentments betwixt the king and the people are very apt to diminish his reputation abroad, and disadvantage his treaties and alliances. 3. The apprehension of the favour and incouragement given to poperie hath much weakened his majestie's partie beyond the sea, and impaired that advantage which Queene Elizabeth and his royall father have heretofore made, of being heads of the Protestant union. 4. The innovations in religion and rigour of ecclesiastical courts have forced a great many of his majestie's subjects to forsake the land, whereby not onely their persons and their posteritie, but their wealth and their industry, are lost to this kingdome, much to the reduction, also, of his majestie's customes and subsidies. And, amongst other inconveniences of such a sort, this was especially to be observed, | tracts from his majestie in honour, in profit, that divers clothiers, driven out of the countrey, and prosperitie of publike affaires, lyes open to had set up the manufacture of cloth beyond the every man's apprehension. And from these seas, whereby this state is like to suffer much reasons, or some of them, he thought it proby abatement of the price of woolls, and by ceeded that through the whole course of the Engwant of employment for the poore, both which lish story it might be observed, that those kings likewise tend to his majestie's particular losse. who had beene most respectfull of the lawes had beene 5. It puts the king upon improper wayes of most eminent in greatnesse, in glory, and successe, supply, which being not warranted by law, are both at home and abroad; and that others, who much more burdensome to the subject than advan- thought to subsist by the violation of them, did tageous to his majestie. In France, not long often fall into a state of weaknesse, povertie, since, upon a survey of the king's revenue, it and infortunitie. 8. The differences and diswas found that two parts in three never came contents betwixt his majestie and the people at to the king's purse, but were diverted to the home have in all liklyhood diverted his royall profit of the officers or ministers of the crowne, thoughts and councells from those great oppor and it was thought a very good service and ref-tunities which he might have, not onely to weakormation to reduce two parts to the king, leav-en the house of Austria and to restore the Paling still a third part to the instruments that atinate, but to gaine himself a higher pitch of were employed about getting it in. It may well power and greatnesse than any of his ancesbe doubted that the king may have the like or tors; for it is not unknowne how weake, how worse successe in England, which appeares al- distracted, how discontented the Spanish colready in some particulars. The king, for in- onies are in the West Indies. There are nove stance, hath reserved upon the monopoly of in those parts, in New-England, Virginia, and the wines thirty thousand pound rent a yeare; the Carib Islands, and in the Barmudos, at least sixty vintner payes forty shillings a tun, which comes thousand able persons of this nation, many of them to ninety thousand pounds; the price upon the well armed, and their bodies seasoned to that ch subject by retaile is increased twopence a quart,mate, which, with a very small charge, might be which comes to eight pound a tun, and for for-sel downe in some advantageous parts of these pleas ty-five thousand tun brought in yearely, amounts ant, rich, and fruitfull countries, and easily make to three hundred and sixty thousand pounds, his majestie master of all that treasure, which not which is three hundred and thirty thousand onely foments the warre, but is the great support of pounds losse to the kingdome above the king's poperie in all parts of Christendome. 9. And rent! Other monopolies also, as that of soape, lastly, those courses are like to produce such have beene very chargeable to the kingdome, distempers in the state as may not be settled and brought very little treasure into his majes-without great charge and losse, by which means tie's coffers. Thus it is that the law provides for that revenue of the crowne which is naturall and proper, that it may be safely collected and "Having thus past through the two first genbrought to account; but this illegall revenue, erall branches, he was nowe come to the third, being without any such provision, is left to haz- wherein he was to set downe the wayes of ard and much uncertaintie, either not to be re-healing and removing those grievances, which tained, or not duly accounted of. 6. It is apt consisted of two maine branches :, first, in deto weaken the industrie and courage of the sub-claring the law where it was doubtfull; the ject, if they be left uncertaine whether they second, in better provision for the execution of shall reape the benefit of their own paines and law, where it is cleere. But (hee said) behazard. Those who are brought into the condition cause he had alreadie spent much time, and beof slaves will easily grow to a slavish disposition, gan to finde some confusion in his memory, he who, having nothing to lose, doe commonly would refer the particulars to another opportu show more boldnesse in disturbing than defend-nitie, and for the present onely move that which ing a kingdome. 7. These irregular courses was generall to all, and which would give doe give opportunitie to ill instruments to in- waight and advantage to all the particular sinuate themselves into the king's service, for wayes of redresse. we cannot but observe that if a man be officious in furthering their inordinate burdens of ship-money, monopolies, and the like, it varnisheth over all other faults, and makes him fit both for imployment and preferment; so that out of their offices, they are furnisht for vast expences, purchases, buildings, and the king loseth often more in desperate debts at their deaths than he got by them all their lives. Whether this were not lately verified in a Westerne man, much imployed while he lived, he leaves to the knowledge of those who were acquainted with his course; and he doubted not but others might be found in the like case. The same course, againe, has beene pursued with those that are affected to poperie, to prophanenesse, and to superstitious innovations in matters of religion. All kinds of "This (hee said) wee might undertake with spies and intelligencers have means to be counte- comfort and hope of successe; for though there nanced and trusted if they will be but zealous in be a darknesse upon the land, a thick and palpate these kinde of services, which, how much it de-darknesse, like that of Egypt, yet, as in that the more may be consumed in a few months than shall be gotten by such wayes in many yeares. "That is, that wee should speedily desire a conference with the Lords, and acquaint them with the miserable condition wherein wee finde the Church and State; and as we have alreadie resolved to joyn in a religious seeking of God, in a day of fast and humiliation, so to intreat them to concur with us in a Parliamentary course of petitioning the king, as there should be occasion, and in searching out the causes and remedies of these many insupportable grievances under which we lye; that so, by the united wisdome and authoritie of both houses. such courses may be taken as (through God's blessing) may advance the honour and greatnesse of his majestie, and restore and establish the peace and prosperitie of the kingdome. sunne had not lost his light, nor the Egyptians When Pym resumed his seat, the king's sotheir sight (the interruption was onely in the licitor, Herbert, attempted, "with all imaginamedium), so with us there is still (God be thanked) ble address," to call off the attention of the light in the sunne-wisdome and justice in his maj-members from the impression his extraordinary estie-to dispell this darknesse; and in us there speech had made, but vainly. The deadly remains a visual faculty, whereby we are inabled force of Pym's statements and reasoning, to apprehend, and moved to desire, LIGHT; and equalled only by the singular moderation of when we shall be blessed in the injoying of it, his tone, had diffused through the House a deep we shall thereby be incited to return his maj- and settled calm of determination. A commitestie such thanks as may make it shine more tee was immediately appointed to inquire into Gerely in the world, to his owne glory, and in the violation of privilege by the speaker of the the hearts of his people, to their joy and con- last House of Commons, in refusing to put a tentiaent."* question on the ground of prohibition from the king; the proceedings in the Star Chamber and King's Bench respecting the imprisoned members and the deceased Eliot were ordered to be called for by the speaker's warrant, together with whatever proceedings had taken place in the Exchequer Chamber, and any other courts, respecting ship-money. Subsequently it was resolved that grievances should be considered before supply, and that conference on grievances should be desired by the Lords. Pym and St. John were appointed managers of this conference-"Mr. Pym for the first, and to make an introduction to the whole business."* I found this speech, as I have already stated, in the very valuable collection of king's pamphlets now deposited in the British Museum. The effect it produced, and the numerous abridgments of it taken at the time by different members, for the purpose of circulation through the country, as described by May, have led to a curious confusion respecting it. The varying versions of the same speech have been treated as separate speeches by all the historians, collectors, and memorialists, except Lord Clarendon. I canat account for the error in Rushworth's case (compare vol. , p. 1131, of his cofections, with vol. iv., p. 21), save by the supposition of the second report having been inserted by the publisher after the collector's death. The loose way in which it appears, thrown in, as it were, "in a lump," with the other speeches tha follow it, certainly favours this supposition; which is strenghened by the circumstance of this very collection of speeches, including the abridgment of Pym's speech in the April Parliament, having been pub lished in 1641, as delivered in the Long Parliament, whereas many of them, with Pym's, belong to the previous meetmg Compare Rudyard's, Grimston's, &c. This would probably not be thought worth remaking on, were it not that it establishes Clarendon's accuracy on a point that has been disputed, and is important in reference to Pym himseif. It is now clear to me, as Clarendon states, that the first speech delivered by this great stateshan in the Long Parlament was the speech in which he dnounced Lord Strafford. It marks emphatically the difference that was ebvions in his “temper.". I will subjoin, as a curiosity, the naked outline which Whitelocke gives of "Pyn. on griev aaces;" and upon which it is to be observed, tha though it is given in the mention of the opening proceedings in the Long Parliament, Whitelocke's words by no means imply a contradiction of the fact that it was delivered the Pal meat before. He says, "many smart speeches were made in the House of Commons touching grievances, which Mr Pym divided into three heads." The following abstract is then given in an isolated form, no mention of its delivery, or the delivery of any thing like it, having been made by the memorialist in his report of the April Parliament: 1. Against privilege of Parliament. II. Prejudice of religion III. Laberty of the subject." Under the first head were reckoned, "1. Restraining the members of Parliament from speaking. 2. Forbidding the speaker to put a question. 3. Imprisoning divers members for matters done in Parliament. 4. By proceedings against them therefor in inferior courts. 5. Enjoining their good behaviour and continuance in prison even unto death. 6. Abrupt dissolutions of Parliaments. Under the second head, of religion, were mentioned, "1. The suspension of laws against them of the popish religen; laws and oaths will not restrain them; the pope dispenseth with all. 2. Their places of trust and honour in the Commonwealth. 3. Their free resort to London and to the tourts to communicate their counsels and designs. 4. As they have a college in Rome for the pope's authority in Engad, so they have a nuncio here to execute it." Under the avations of religion were brought in, "1. Maintenance of popiah tenets in books, sermons, and disputes. 2. Practice of popish ceremonies countenanced and enjoined, as alar, mages, crucifires, and bowings. 3. Discouragement of Protestants by rigid prosecution of the scrupulous for things indifferent; no vice made of so great as inconformi 1.4. Eacroachment of ecclesiastical jurisdiction: (1.) In fining and imprisoning without law; (2) Challenging their aridiction to be appropriate to their order, jure divino; (3) Contriving and publishing new orders of visitation in force, as of canons, the boldness of bishops, and all their subordinate officers and officials." Under the third head, the grievances: "1. By tonnage and poundage unduly taken. 2. Composition for knighthood. 3. The unparalleled grievance of ship-money. 4. Enlargement of the forests beyond fae due bounds. 5. Selling of nuisances by compounding for them. 6. The commission for building. 7. The commission for depopulations. 8. Unlawful military charges, by warrant of the king, letters of the council, and orders of the heutenants of the counties and their deputies. 9. Extra-judicial declarations of judges, without hearing council or ar Meanwhile the House of Lords, at the earnest and humiliating entreaty of the king, had passed two resolutions, to the effect that supply ought to have precedence of grievances, and that the Commons should be invited to a conference in order to their being disposed thereto."t These resolutions had just passed, when Pym laid them before the House of Commons as a gross breach of privilege. An address to the Lords was, in consequence, agreed to and approved, "and that Mr. Pym should go up to that House with it." Pym instantly proceeded to the Lords, and the words he uttered are indeed memorable: "Your lordships have medled with, and advised concerning, both matter of supply and the time when the same should be made, and this before such time as the same was moved to your lordships by the Commons. As a course for the repair of this breach of privilege, the Commons beg to suggest that your lordships would, in your wisdoms, find out, yourselves, some sort of reparation, and of prevention of the like infringement for the future. And the Commons humbly desire, through me, to represent to your lordships that, in case your lordships have taken notice of any orders or proceedings of the Commons concerning religion, property, and privileges, and that they were to proceed to the supply, which they have some cause to conceive by these words: That this being done, your lordships would freely join with the Commons in those three things;' for the avoiding all misunderstandings between your lordships and the Commons for time to come, they desire your lordships hereafter to take no notice of any thing which shall be debated by the Commons until they shall themselves deguments. 10. Monopolies countenanced by the council-table, and justices of the peace required to assist them. 11. The Star Chamber Court. 12. The king's edicts and proclamations lately used for maintaining monopolies. 13. The ambitious and corrupt clergy preaching divine authority and absolute power in kings to do what they will. 14. The intermission of Parliaments."-Memorials, p. 36. * Parl. Hist., vol. viii., p. 456. † Lords' Journals, April, 1640. |