Tense Marking in Black English: A Linguistic and Social Analysis

absence accent actually adolescents adults adverb analysis appear apply argument Black English boundary clear cluster simplification compared cons consonant cluster constraints d]-deletion deletion deletion rule derived determine devoicing dialect difference discussion distributive effect ending environment evidence examples expected fact factors favor Figure final final consonant four frequency function give given grammatical important indicate instances interview involved Labov language least less linguistic lower marked meaning MICHIGAN observed occur past tense pattern percent phonetic phonological plural possible potential preceding present tense problem question reading reasonable regular represents responses rule sample seems segment sentences separate significant social sonorant speakers specification speech standard English statistical stop stratification style subjects suffix Table tabulated things variable rule variant verb verb concord voiceless voicing vowel wanted Washington Wolfram working-class