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ELECTRICITY CONTROL.

ENGINEERS AND OTHERS.

CENTRAL ELECTRICAL STATIONS: Their Design, Organisation, and
Management. By CHAS. H. WORDINGHAM, A.K.C., M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. SECOND
EDITION. Revised. Large Svo. With Plates, Diagrams. and Figures. Price 24s. net.
"The volume will be studied with eagerness and appreciation."-Scottish Electrician.
ELECTRICITY CONTROL: A Treatise on Electricity Switchgear and
Systems of Transmission. By LEONARD ANDREWS, M.I.E.E. Large 8vo. Fully
Illustrated.

ELECTRICAL RULES AND TABLES: For the use of Electricians and
Engineers. By JOHN MUNRO, C. E., and PROFESSOR JAMIESON, M. Inst.C. E., F.R.S.E.
SEVENTEENTH EDITION. Pocket size. With numerous Diagrams. In Leather. Price Ss. 6d.
"Wonderfully perfect. . . . . Worthy of the highest commendation."-Electrician.
ELECTRICAL PRACTICE IN COLLIERIES. By D. BURNS, M.E.,
M.Inst. M.E. A book for Colliery Managers, Engineers, and Students. Crown 8vo.
Handsome cloth. With numerous Illustrations. Price fs. net.
"Excellent, both in style and substance."-Glasgow Herald.

ELECTRO-METALLURGY: Embracing the application of Electrolysis to the Plating Depositing, Smelting, and Refining of various Metals, and to the Reproduction of Printing Surfaces and Art Work. By WALTER G. MCMILLAN, F.I.C., F.C.S. SECOND EDITION. Revised and Enlarged. Large Crown 8vo. Price 10s. 6d.

"An excellent treatise . . . . one of the BEST AND MOST COMPLETE manuals hitherto published on Electro-Metallurgy."-Electrical Review.

ELECTRIC SMELTING AND REFINING:

A Practical Manual

21s.

of the Extraction and Treatment of Metals by the Electrical Methods. By DR W. BORCHERS. Translated by W. G. MCMILLAN, F.I.C., F.C.S. Large 8vo. Handsome cloth. THIRD EDITION. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. 218. net. LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS: A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Lubrication. By LEONARD ARCHBUTT, F.I.C., F.C.S., and R. MOUNT. FORD DEELEY, M.I.M.E., F.G.S. Large 8vo. Handsome cloth. Illustrated. "DESTINED TO BECOME A CLASSIC on the subject.”—Industries and Iron. ENGINE ROOM PRACTICE: By JOHN G. LIVERSIDGE, R.N., A.M.I.C.E. FOURTH IMPRESSION. Large crown 8vo. With numerous Illustrations. 6s. "The contents cannot fail to be appreciated."-The Steamship. VALVES AND VALVE GEARING: Including the Corliss Valve and Trip Gears. By CHARLES HURST. FOURTH EDITION. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. With numerous Illustrations. "Concise explanations. Illustrated with 115 very clear diagrams and drawings, and 4 folding plates. the book fulfils a valuable function."—Athenæum.

BOILERS, LAND AND MARINE: Their Construction and Strength. By T. W. TRAILL, M. Inst.C.E., F.E.R.N., late Engineer Surveyor-in-Chief to the Board of Trade. THIRD EDITION. Revised and Enlarged. 12s. 6d.

"The MOST VALUABLE WORK on Boilers PUBLISHED IN ENGLAND."-Shipping World. THE HEAT EFFICIENCY OF STEAM BOILERS: Land, Marine, and Locomotive. By BRYAN DONKIN, M. Inst.C.E. In 4to. Handsome cloth. Numerous Illustrations. 258.

"Probably the MOST EXHAUSTIVE RÉSUMÉ that has ever been collected. A PRACTICAL BOOK BY A THOROUGHLY PRACTICAL MAN."-Iron and Coal Trades Review.

STEAM BOILERS: Their Defects, Management, and Construction. By R. D. MUNRO. FOURTH EDITION. Very fully Illustrated. Cloth. 4s. 6d.

"A valuable companion for workmen and engineers engaged about Steam Boilers; ought to be carefully studied, and always at hand."-Colliery Guardian,

STEAM AND STEAM ENGINES: Including Turbines and Boilers. By ANDREW JAMIESON, M.Inst.C. E. With numerous Diagrams, Folding Plates, and Examination Questions. Handsome cloth. 800 pages. 10s. 6d.

"This is UNDOUBTEDLY the MOST VALUABLE and MOST COMPLETE handbook of reference on the subject WHICH NOW EXISTS."-Marine Engineer.

GAS, OIL, AND AIR ENGINES: A Practical Text-book on Internal
Combustion Motors. By BRYAN DONKIN, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E. FOURTH EDITION.
Revised and Enlarged. With additional Illustrations. Large 8vo. Handsome cloth.
"A THOROUGHLY RELIABLE and EXHAUSTIVE TREATISE."-Engineering.
HYDRAULIC POWER AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY.

By

HENRY ROBINSON, M. Inst.C.E., F.G.S. THIRD EDITION. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged. With 60 Plates and numerous Illustrations. Cloth. 34s. "A book of great professional usefulness."—Iron.

CHARLES GRIFFIN & CO., Ltd., 12 Exeter Street, Strand, W.C.

A Treatise

ON

ELECTRIC SWITCHGEAR AND SYSTEMS OF
ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION.

BY

LEONARD ANDREWS,

INSTITU

ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS,

MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS,

EX-MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF THE INCORPORATED MUNICIPAL ELECTRICAL ASSOCIATION,

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PRINTED BY

NEILL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

EDINBURGH.

93527 FEB 23 1906

TOL •AN2

PREFACE.

6983871

ELECTRICAL engineers have such an enormous library from which to select their technical literature that to increase its dimensions must be considered an offence, unless it can be shown that there is room for a new book on any particular subject. My excuse for so trespassing must be that, although many books exist on boilers, engines, electric generators, mains, transformers, lamps, etc., no one has dealt exclusively with that part of the system that has been rightly termed the 'nerve centre.'

A reason for this apparent neglect of a very important section is to be found in the fact that such rapid advances in switchgear design are daily being made that it is almost impossible for a book, which necessarily is some months in passing through the press, to be absolutely up-to-date.

It should be explained at the outset that the present work does not pretend to be purely a record of the best modern practice in switchgear design. Quite a large proportion of it is devoted to descriptions of various kinds of apparatus that have been abandoned, with, in many cases, a brief explanation of the reasons of failure.

Some engineers claim that their time is too valuable to waste in endeavouring to understand failures, and they are quite content to be guided in the preparation of their schemes by the dictates of fashion. But to the engineer who, when he meets a difficulty, is not satisfied until he has got to the bottom of it-to the designer who will often make efficient use of a device that has failed by applying it to another purpose, and to the student who conscientiously wishes to prepare to deal with the difficulties he may meet with in his after career-the brief records given of difficulties that have been encountered in the evolution of modern switchgear will, I trust, prove of some assistance.

There are certain classes of switchgear that I have not attempted to deal with, such as small installation switches, motor controllers, and automatic pressure regulating devices, all of which might have come within the scope of the work; but the subject as a whole is such an inexhaustible one that I have thought it best to confine my attention to

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