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Are such as can be conjugated, or varied, only in some particular modes and tenses. Am, was, been, can, must, could, shall, should, may, might, will, would, ought, quoth, &c. are defective verbs. We can say, 'I learn, I learned, I have learned, I had learned, I shall or will learn, I may, can, or must learn.' But, shall is a defective verb. We can say, I shall, but we cannot say, I have shall, I had shall, I shall or will shall, I may, can, or must shall. By this rule, we can always distinguish a defective verb.

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AUXILIARY, OR HELPING VERBS,

Are those which help to conjugate other verbs, They are, do, be, have, has, shall, will, may and can, with their variations; and let and must, which have no variations.

The auxiliary and principal verb must be parsed together, although they may be separated by intervening words; as, We should immediately and without reserve, confess our faults.' Should, in this sentence, is the auxiliary, and confess is the principal verb; therefore, should and confess are taken together, and parsed as one word. Verbs and other parts of speech cannot be parsed together; therefore, we cannot parse should immediately confess in union with each other, because, immediately is an adverb.

The verb, whose tense the auxiliary shows, is the principal verb; as, 'James will ride. John has written.'

The auxiliary verbs are signs of the potential mode. The auxiliary verbs are thus varied:

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have, shall, will, may,
Imperfect Tense.

will,

may,

can.

can.

I, did, was,

had,

Thou, didst, wast,

hadst,

He,

did, wast,

had,

We,

did, were,

had,

Ye,

did, were,

had,

They, did, were,

had,

should, would, might, could. shouldst, wouldst, mighst, couldst. should, would, might, could.

should, would, might, could. should, would, might, could. should, would, might, could. Participles.

Pres. doing, being, having; Perf. done, been, had.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

The conjugation of a verb, is its variation through all its moods, tenses, numbers and persons.

The conjugation of an active verb is styled the active voice; and that of a passive verb, the passive voice.

Conjugation of the irregular active verb have.

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*The second person singular may have a similar variation in ev ery personal tense of this aud all other verbs.

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When a question is asked, which occurs only in the indicative and potential moods, the pronoun or substantive is placed after the verb, or its first auxiliary; as,

Singular.
Have I ?
Hast, thou?

Has he?

In like manner, we say, 'Have I had?'

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Plural.
Have we
Have ye?
Have they?

Shall I have had?' May

I have? Do I love? Am I loved? &c.

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Singular.

Imperfect Tense.

Plural.

1 I might, could, would, or should 1 We might, could, would, or have should have 2 Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, or shouldst have would, or should have

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3 He might, could, would, or 3 They might, could, would, or should have

Singular.

should have

Perfect Tense.

1 I may, can, or must have had
2 Thou mayst, canst or must have
had

3 He may, can or must have

had

Singular.

Plural..

1 We may, can or must have had 2 Ye or you may, can or must have had

3 They may, can, or must have had

Pluperfect Tense.

1 I might, could, would or should have had

2 Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst or shouldst have had

3 He might, could, would or should have had

Singular.

1 If I have

2 If thou have

3 If he have

Singular.

1 If I had

2 If thou hadst
3 If he, &c. had

Singular.

1 If I have had
2 If thou hast had
3 If he has had

Singular,

1 If I had had

2 If thou hadst hade

3 If he had had

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Plural.

1 If we have

2 If ye or you have
3 If they have

Imperfect Tense.

Plural.

1 If we had

2 If ye or you had
3 If they had.

Perfect Tense.

Plural.

1 If we have had

2 If ye or you have hadv
3 If they have had.

Pluperfect Tense.

Plural.

1 If we had had

2 If ye or you had hadd
3 If they had had

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