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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BÖHTLINGK, OTTO, and ROTH, RUDOLPH: Sanskrit Wörterbuch herausgegeben von der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg, 1855-1875. MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER: Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Clarendon, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1899.

BARTHOLOMAE, CHRISTIAN: Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Trübner, Strassburg, 1908.

TOLMAN, HERBERT CUSHING: Ancient Persian Lexicon and Texts, American Book Company, New York, 1908.

HERWERDEN, HENRICUS VAN: Lexicon Graecum suppletorium et dialecticum, 2nd ed., Sythoff, Lugduni Batavorum, 1910.

LIDDELL, HENRY GEORGE, and SCOTT, ROBERT: Greek-English Lexicon, 8th ed., American Book Company, New York, 1897.

Thesaurus Graecae Linguae, Didot, Paris, 1831-1856.

HARPERS' Latin-English Dictionary, American Book Company, New York, 1907.

MURET, ERNEST, and SANDERS, DANIEL H.: Enzyklopädisches deutschenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed.. Langenscheidt, Berlin, 1900.

SWEET, HENRY: The Students' Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1897.

TOLLER, T. NORTHCOTE: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary based on the Manuscript Collections of Joseph Bosworth, Clarendon, Oxford, 1882.

MURRAY, JAMES AUGUSTUS: A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Clarendon, Oxford, 1888-.

WEBSTER, NOAH: New International Dictionary of the English Language based on the International Dictionary of 1890 and 1900, Merriam Book Company, Springfield, 1917.

UHLENBECK, CHRISTIAN CORNELIUS: Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der altindischen Sprache, Müller, Amsterdam, 1899.

BOISACQ, ÉMILE: Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, Winter, Heidelberg, 1907-1916.

WALDE, ALOIS: Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Winter, Heidelberg, 1910.

KLUGE, FRIEDRICH: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 8th ed., Trübner, Strassburg, 1915.

STONECIPHER, ALVIN H. M.: Graeco-Persian Names, American Book Company, New York, 1918.

Compounds of the Word "Horse"

PURPOSE

This dissertation is the study of a group of compounds for the purpose of classifying them according to the semantic relation between their members. With this in view, the compounds which contain, as their initial member, the stem of the commonest noun meaning "horse" have been collated from Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Greek, Latin, German, Anglo-Saxon, and English. In several of these languages the stems are cognate: Sanskrit aśva-, Avestan and Old Persian asa- and aspa-, Greek inо-, Latin equo-, and Anglo-Saxon eh or eoh are cognate; German Ross and Anglo-Saxon hors are cognate, and English horse is a later form of the Anglo-Saxon word. German Pferde- has no cognates in the other languages. In English, besides the words beginning with horse, words beginning with hippo- are included in this investigation when they are original in English. The words are collated from the general dictionaries listed in the Bibliography. Compounds in English and German are so varied and numerous, because of the readiness with which they are formed, that no attempt is made to cover the entire field. Many additional compounds appear in other dictionaries, but these standard dictionaries. offer a representative group. The etymological dictionaries give little assistance in the study of compounds, because the etymology of each member is given independently in its proper place, and the compound itself is not usually considered worthy of discussion unless there is some doubt as to the identity of its members.

METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION

After the words had been gathered from the dictionaries, the next step was to make an accurate classification of them. There are several different methods of classifying compounds. In this dissertation, they are classified according to the semantic relation between the members. The initial member in all these words is a noun stem, and the question to be decided is what

11

If the second

may be the

relation that stem bears to the second member. member contains a verbal idea, the noun stem subject of the implied verb, as in Eng. horse-race: or it may be the object, as in Eng. horse-breeder; or it may be the means or instrument, as in Eng. horse-drawn. In one group containing a verbal idea in the final member, the form of that final member affects the relation: namely, when the final member is a passive participle; for the passive idea may change the relation from subjective, as in Eng. horse-bite, to that of agent, as in Eng. horse-bitten. This is true when the horse is the voluntary agent; when the horse is not the voluntary agent, the compound falls into the means or instrument class, as in Eng. horsedrawn.1

If the second member of the compound is a noun containing no verbal idea, the relation may be that of possession, as in Eng. horse-hair; that of purpose, as in Eng. horse-bin; that of source, as in Eng. horse-flesh; or that of quality, as in Eng. horse-fish.

In all the foregoing relations, the initial member is subordinate to and dependent on the final member, but there are compounds in which two nouns are joined together, not in a subordinating relation, but in a paratactic construction. Two forms of paratactic construction appear in these compounds: appositive, as in Skt. aśvaparṇa, “having horses as wings"; and copulative, as in Skt. aśvamahişa, "a horse and a buffalo."

OTHER METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION

There are other methods of classification besides the one which has just been described, but none of them is adapted to the purpose of this dissertation.

Brugmann has arranged compounds according to the form of the members into four classes: Class I, in which the first member is a declinable noun or pronoun in stem form, Skt." virasena- "possessing an army of heroes"; Class II, in which the first member is an inseparable particle, Lat. ineptus "not suitable"; Class III, in which the first member is an adverb,

1 Throughout the dissertation, no mention is made of relations which do not appear in the collated words.

2 Grundriss d. vgl. Gram. II 11 §10.

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