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Infinitive.

Participles.

Pres. Leg.i.

Perf. Lec-tus, -a, -um.

Perf. Effe v. fuiffe lectus, -a, -um. Fut. Leg-endus, -a, -um.

Fut. Lectum iri.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

ACTIVE VOICE.

Audio, audivi, audītum, audire, To hear.

Sing.

I.

Indicative Mode.

2. 3. I. .is, -it; ⚫imus,

Pr. Aud-io,
Im. Aud-iēbam, -iebas, -iebat;-iebamus,

Per. Aud-īvi ivifti, ivit ; ivĭmus,

Pl. Aud-ivěram, -iveras, -iverat; -iveramus, -ies, -iet; -iemus,

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Per.Aud-iverim, -iveris, -iverit; -iverĭmus,

Fu. Audiam,

-ictis,

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Pl. Aud-iviffem,
Fu. Aud-ivero,

-irctis, -irent. -iveritis, -iverint. -iviffetis, -iviffent. -iveritis, -iverint.

2.

2.

3.

Pres. Aud-i, v. -īto,

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-iviffes, -iviffet ;-iviffemus,
-iveris, -iverit; -iverimus,

Imperative Mode.

3.

Infinitive. Participles. Gerunds.

Pr. Aud-ire. Pr. Aud-iens. Aud-iendum. 1. Aud-itum. Per. Audiviffe. Fu. Aud-iturus. Aud-iendi. 2. Aud-itu.

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Perf. Auditus fum vel fui, Auditus es v. fuifti, &c.

Plu. Auditus eram v. fueram, Auditus eras v. fueras, &c.

-iēris,

Fut, Aud-iar,

Rel-icre,

-ictur; -jemur, -remini, rentur:

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vel -iare,
-ireris,

Im. Aud-irer,

vel -irere,

-iatur; -iamur, -iamini, -iantur.

-iretur; -iremur, -iremini, -irentur.

Perf. Auditus fim vel fuerim, auditus fis v. fueris, &c.
Plu. Auditus effem v. fuiffem, auditus effes v. fuisses, &c.
Fut. Auditus fuero, auditus fueris, &c.

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Per. Aud-itus,

a, um.

Per. Effe v fuiffe aud-itus, -a, -um. Fut. Aud-iendus, -a,-um. Fu. Aud-itum iri.

FORMATION of VERBS.

There are four principal parts of a verb, from which all the reft are formed; namely, o of the prefent, i of the perfect, um of the fupine, and re of the infinitive.

1. From o are formed am and em.

2. From i; ram, rim, ro, sse, and fem.

3. ́U, us, and rus, are formed from um.

4. All other parts from re do come; as, bam, bo, rem ; a, e, and i; ns and dus; dum, do, and di; as,

AM-0, -em; AM-AVI, -eram, -erim, -iffem, -ero, -iffe; AMAT-UM, -u, -urus, -us; AM-ARE, -abam, -abo, -arem, -a, -ans, -andum, di, do; -andus.

Doc-EO, -eam; Doc-vi, ueram, &c.; Docт-Uм, -u, -urus, -us; Doc-ERE, -ebam, -ebo, -erem, -e, -ens, -endum, di, do, -endus. LEG-O, -am; LEG-1, eram, &c; LECT-UM, -u, -urus, -us: LEGERE, -ebam, -ěrem, -e, -ens, endum, &c.

AUD-10, -iam ; AUD-IVI, -iveram, &c.; AUDIT-UM, -u, -urus, -us; AUD-IRE, -iebam, -irem, -i, -iens, -iendum, di, do, -iendus.—So verbs of the third conjugation in io; as, CAP-10, -iam; CEP-1, -eram, &c.; CAPT-UM, -u, &c.; CAP-ERE,-iebam, -ěrem, -e, -iens, -iendum, di, do, -iendus.

The paffive voice is formed from the active, by adding to o, or changing m into r.

A verb is commonly faid to be conjugated, when only its principal parts are mentioned, because from them all the reft are derived.

The first perfon of the Present of the Indicative is called the Theme or the Root of the verb, because from it the other three principal parts are formed.

The letters of a verb which always remain the fame, are called Radical letters; as, am, in am-o. The reft are called the Termination; as, abamus, in am-abamus.

All the letters which come before -āre, -ēre, -ĕre, or -ire, of the infinitive, are radical letters. By putting these before the terminations, all the parts of any regular verbmay be readily formed, except the compound tenfes.

Signification of the Tenfes in the various Modes.

The tenfes formed from the present of the indicative or infinitive fignify in general the continuance of an action or paffion, or represent them as present at some particular time: the other tenfes exprefs an action or paffion completed; but not always so absolutely, as entirely to exclude the continuance of the fame action or paffion; thus, Amo, I love, do love, or am loving; amabam, I loved, did love, or was loving, &c.

Amavi, I loved, did love, or have loved, that is, have done with loving, &c.

In like manner, in the paffive voice; Amor, I am loved, I am in loving, or in being loved, &c.

Part time in the paffive voice is expressed several different ways, by means of the auxiliary verb fum, and the participle perfect; thus,

Indicative Mode.

Perfect. Amatus fum, I am or have been loved, or oftener, I was loved.
Amatus fui, I have been loved, or I was loved.
Plu-perfect. Amatus eram, I was or had been loved.
Amatus fueram, I had been loved.

Subjunctive Mode.

Perfect. Amatus fim, I may be or may have been loved.
Amatus fuerim, I may have been loved.

Plu-perfect. Amatus effem, I might, could, would, or fhould be or have been loved.

Amatus fuiffem, I might, could, would, or should have

been loved; or, I had been loved.

Future. Amatus fuero, I shall have been loved.

The verb fum is alfo employed to exprefs future time in the indicative mode, both active and paffive; thus,

Amaturus fum, I am about to love, I am to love, I am going to love, or I will love. We chiefly use this form, when fome purpofe or intention is fignified.

Amatus ero, I shall be loved.

Obf. 1. The participles amatus and amaturus are put before the auxiliary verb, because we commonly find them fo placed in the claffics.

Obf. 2 In these compound tenfes the learner fhould be taught to vary the participle like an adjective noun, according to the gender and number of the different fubftantives to which it is applied; hus, amatus eft, he is or was loved, when applied to a man; amata eft, fhe was loved, when applied to a woman; amatum eft, it was loved, when applied to a thing; amati funt, they were loved, when applied to men, &c. The connecting of fyntax, fo far as is neceffary, with the inflexion of nouns and verbs, feems to be the most proper method of teaching both.

Obf. 3. The past time and participle perfect in English are taken in different meanings, according to the different tenfes in Latin which they are used to exprefs. Thus, "I loved," when put for amabam, is taken in a fense different from what it has when put for amavi: so amor, and amatus fum, I am loved; amabar, and amatus eram, I was loved; amer, and amatus fim, &c. In the one, loved is taken in a prefent, in the other, in a past fenfe. This ambiguity arifes from the defective nature of the English verb.

Obf. 4. The tenfes of the fubjunctive mode may be variously rendered, according to their connection with the other parts of a fentence. They are often expreffed in English as the fame tenfes of the indicative, and sometimes one tense apparently put for another.

Thus, Quafi intelligant, qualis fit, As if they understood, what kind of perfon he is. Cic. In facinus jurasse putes, You would think, &c. Ov. Eloquar an fileam? Shall I fpeak out, or be filent? Nee vos arguerim, Teucri, for arguam, Virg. Si quid te fugerit, ego perierim, for peribo, Ter. Hunc tantum dolorem fi fperare potui, et perferre potero: for potuiffem and poffem, Virg. Singula quid referam? Why fhould I mention every thing? Id. Prædiceres mibi, you should have told me before hand, Ter. At tu dictis, Albane, maneres, ought to have flood to your word, Virg. Citius crediderim, I fhould fooner believe, Juv. Hauferit enfis, The fword would have destroyed, Virg. Fuerint irati, Grant or fuppofe they were angry. Si id feciffet, If he did or fhould do that, Cic. The fame promifcuous ufe of the tenses seems also to take place fometimes in the indicative and infinitive; and the indicative to be put for the subjunctive; as, Animus meminisse borret, luctuque refugit, for refugit, Virg. Fuerat melius, for fuisset, Id. Invidia dilapfa erat, for fuiffet, Sall. Quamdiu in portum venis? for venifli, Plaut. Quam mox navigo Ephefum, for navigabo, Id. Tu fi hic fis, aliter fentias, Ter. for, effes and fentires. Cato affirmat, fe vivo, illum non triumphare, for triumphaturum effe, Cic. Perfuadet Caftico, ut occuparet, for occupet, Cæf.

Obf. 5. The future of the subjunctive, and also of the indicative, is often rendered by the prefent of the fubjunctive in English; as, nifi hoc faciet or fecerit, unless he do this. Ter.

Obf. 6. Instead of the imperative we often use the present of the fubjunctive; as, valeas, farewell; huc venias, come hither, &c. And

Sto, feti, flatum, to ftand. Its compounds have fiti, fitum, and oftener flatum; as, præfto, præftiti, præflitum, or praftatum, to excel. So ex-, ad-, con-, in-, ob-, per-, pro-, re-flo.

Exc. 2. Lavo, lāvi, lōtum, lautum, lavatum, to wash.
Poto, pōtavi, potum, or pōtātum, to drink.

Juvo, jūvi, jūtum, to help; fut. part. juvaturus. So adjuvo.

Exc. 3. Cubo, cubui, cŭbĭtum, to ly. So ac-, ex-, oc-, re-cubo. The other compounds infert an m, and are of the third conjugation.

Domo, domui, domitum, to fubdue. So e-, per-domo.

Sono, sonui, sonitum, to found. So af-, circum-, con-, dif-, ex-, in, per, præ-, re-sõno.

Tono, tonui, tonitum, to thunder. So at-, circum-, in-, fuperin-, re tono. Horace has intonātus.

Věto, větui, větĭtum, to forbid.

Crěpo, crěpui, crepitum, to make a noife. So con, in-, per, re-crepo: difcrepo has rather difcrěpāvi.

Exc. 4. Frico, fricui, fridum, to rub. So af-, circum-, con, de-, ef-, in, per-, re-frico. But fome of thefe have alfo atum.

Seco, secui, fecum, to cut. So circum-, con-, de-, dif-, ex-, in-, inter, per-, præ-, re, fub-seco.

:

Něco, necui, or necavi, něcātum, to kill. So inter-, eněco but thefe have oftener eclum; enectum, interne&um. Mico, micui, to glitter. So inter, pro-mico. Emico, has emicui, emĭcātum; dimico, dimĭcāvi, dimĭcātum, rarely dimicui, to fight.

Exc. 5. These three want both pret. and fup. labo, to fall or faint; nexo, to bind; and plico, to fold.

Plico compounded with a noun, or with the prepofitions re, fub, has āvi, atum; as, duplico, duplicavi, duplicatum, to double. So multi-, fup-, re-plico.

The other compounds of plico have either āvi and ātum, or ui and ĭtum; as, applico, applicui, applicitum, or āvi, atum, to apply. So im-, com-, plico. Explico, to unfold, has commonly explicui, explicitum; but when it fignifies to explain or interpret, explicavi, explicātum.

Second Conjugation.

Verbs of the fecond conjugation have ui and ĭtum; as, habeo, habui, habitum, to have.

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