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Jufta, funeral rites.

Lamenta, lamentations.

Lautia, provifions for the entertainment of foreign ambassadors.

Luftra, dens of wild beafts.

Magalia, -ium, cottages.

Suovetaurilia, -ium, a facrifice of a

fwine, a fbeep, and an ox.

Talaria, -ium, winged fhoes.
Telqua, rough places.

Tranftra, the Jeats where the rowers
fit in foips.

Several nouns in each of the above lifts are found alfo in the fingular, but in a different fenfe; thus, caftrum, a castle; litera, a letter of the alphabet, &c.

III. REDUNDANT NOUNS.

Nouns are redundant in different ways: 1. In termination only; as, arbor and arbor, a tree. 2. In declension only; as, laurus, genit. lauri, and laurus, a laurel tree, fequefter, tri, or tris, a mediator. 3. Only in gender; as, hic or hoc vulgus, the rabble. 4. Both in termination and declenfion; as, materia, -a i or materies, -iči, matter; plebs, -is, the common people, or, plebes, -is, -ëi, or contracted plebi. 5. In termination and gender; as, tonitrus, -ûs, mafc. tonitru, neut. thunder. 6. In declenfion and gender; as, penus, -i, and us, m. or f. or penus, -oris, neut. all kinds of provifion. 7. In termination, gender, and declenfion; as, ather, -ĕris, mafc. and athra, -a, fem. the fky. 8. Several nouns in the fame declension are differently varied; as, tigris, -is, or -idis, a tiger: to which may be added, nouns which have the fame fignification in different numbers; as, Fidēna, -a; or Fidena, -arum, the name of a city.

; cas

The most numerous clafs of redundant nouns confifts of those which exprefs the fame meaning by different terminations; as, menda, -a; and mendum, -i, a fault sis, -idis; and caffida, de, a helmet. So, Acinus, & -um, a grape ftone. Alvera, & -e, & -ium, a bee-hive. Amarǎcus, & -um, fweet marjo

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Colluvies, & -io, filth, dirt.
Compages, & -go, a joining.
Conger, & -grus, a large eel.
Crocus, & -um, faffron.
Cubitis, & -um, a cubit.
Diluvium, & -es, a deluge.
Elephantus, & -as, -antis, an elt-
phant.

Elegus, & -ëia, an elegy.
Efsěda, & -um, a chairot.
Eventus, & um, an event.
Fulgetra, et -um, lightning.
Galērus, & -um, a bat.

Gibbus, & -a; & -er, -ĕris, or cri,
a bunch, a fwelling.
Glutinum, & -en, glue

Hebdomas, & -åda, a week.
Intrita, & -um, fine mortar, minc-

ed meat.

Librarium, & -a, a library.
Maceria, & -es, -iëi, a wall.
Milliare, & -ium, a mile.
Monitum, & -us, -ŭs, an admoni-

tion.

Muria, & -es, -iëi, brine or pickle.
Nafus, & -um, the nose.
Obfidio, & -um, a fiege.
Oeftrus, &-um, a gad bee.
Oftrea, -um, an oyster.
Peplus, &-um, a veil, a robe.
Pistrīna, & -um, a bake-bouse.
Prætextus, -us, &-um, a pretext.

Rapa, & -um, a turnip.
Ruma, & -men, the cud.
Rufcus, & -um, a brufb.
Seps, et es, f. an bedge.
Segmen, et mentum, a piece or
paring.

Sibilus, et, -um, e bissing.
Sinus, et, -um, a milk-pail.
Spurcitia, et -es, naftiness.
Stramen, et, -tum, ftraw.
Suffimen, et, -tum, a perfume.
Tignus, et, -um, a plank.
Toral, et, -āle, a bed-covering.
Torcular, et, -āre, a wine-press.
Vifcus, et, -um, bird-lime.
Væternus, et, -um, a lethargy.

Note. The nouns which are called variable and defective, seem originally to have been redundant: thus, vafa, -orum, properly comes from vafum, and not from vas; but custom, which gives laws to all languages, has dropt the fingular, and retained the plural; and fo of others.

Divifion of Nouns according to their fignification and deriva

tion.

1. A fubftantive which fignifies many in the fingular number, is called a Colledive noun; as, populus, a people; exercitus, an army.

2.

A substantive derived from another substantive proper, fignifying one's extraction, is called a Patronymic noun; as, Priamides, the fon of Priamus; Eetias, the daughter of Eetes; Nerine, the daughter of Nereus. Patronymics are generally derived from the name of the father; but the poets, by whom they are chiefly used, derive them alfo from the grandfather, or fome other remarkable person of the family; fometimes likewise from the founder of a nation or people; as, acides, the fon, grandfon, great-grandfon, or one of the pofterity of Făcus; Romulide, the Romans, from their firft king Romulus.

Patronymic names of men end in des; of women, in is, as, or ne. Those in des and ne are of the first declenfion, and those in is and as of the third; as, Priamides, -da, Sc. pl. -de, darum, &c.; Nerine, -es: Tyndăris, -idis, or -idos; Eetias, adis, &c.

3.

A noun derived from a fubftantive proper, fignifying one's country, is called a Patrial or Gentile noun; as, Tros, Trois, a man born at Troy; Troas, -ădis, a woman born at Troy; Siculus, -i, a Sicilian man; Sicelis, -idis, a Sicilian woman: fo, Macedo, onis; Arpīnas, -ātis, a man born in Macedonia, Arpinum; from Troja, Sicilia, Macedonia, Arpinum. But patrials for the most part are to be confidered as adjectives, having a fubstantive understood; as, Romānus, Athenienfis, &c.

4. A fubftantive derived from an adjective, expreffing fimply the quality of the adjective, without regard to the thing in which the quality exifts, is called an Abftra&; as, juftitia, juftice; bonitas, goodnefs; dulcedo, fweetnefs: from juftus, juft; bonus, good; dulcis, fweet. The ad jectives from which thefe abftracts come, are called Con cretes; because, befides the quality, they also suppose fomething to which it belongs. Abftracts commonly end in a, as, or do, and are very numerous, being derived from moft adjectives in the Latin tongue.

5. A fubftantive derived from another fubftantive, fignifying a diminution or leffening of its fignification, is called a Diminutive; as, libellus, a little book; chartŭla, a little paper; opufculum, a little work; corculum, a little heart; reticulum, a fmall net ; fcabellum, a small form; lapillus, a little ftone; cultellus, a little knife; pagella, a little page: from liber, charta, opus, cor, rete, fcamnum, lapis, culter, pagina. Several diminutives are fometimes formed from the fame primitive; as, from puer, puerulus, puellus, puellulus; from cifla, ciftula, ciftella, cifellula; from homo, homuncio, homunculus. Diminutives for the most part end in lus, la, lum; and are generally of the fame gender with their primitives. When the fignification of the primitive is increased, it is called an Amplificative, and ends in o; as, Capito, -ōnis, having a large head: So, nafo, labeo, bucco, having a large nofe, lips, cheeks.

6. A fubftantive derived from a verb is called a Verbal noun; as, amor, love; do&rina, learning: from amo and doceo. Verbal nouns are very numerous, and commonly end in io, or, us, and ura; as, lectio, a leffon; amator, a lover; lulus, grief; creatura, a creature.

ADJECTIVE.

An adjective is a word added to a fubftantive, to exprefs its quality; as, hard, foft.

We know things by their qualities only. Every quality must belong to fome fubject. An adjective therefore always implies a fubftantive expreffed or understood, and cannot make full sense without it.

An adjective may be thus diftinguished from a fubftantive: If the word thing be joined to an adjective, it will make sense; but if it be joined to a fubftantive, it will make nonfense: thus, we can fay," a good thing;" but we cannot fay, " a book thing."

Adjectives in Latin are varied by gender, number, and cafe, to agree with fubftantives, in all these acci

dents.

An adjective properly hath neither genders, numbers, nor cafes ; but certain terminations anfwering to the gender, number, and cafe of the substantive with which it is joined.

Adjectives are varied like three substantives of the fame termination and declenfion.

All adjectives are either of the first and second declenfion, or of the third only.

Adjectives of three terminations are of the first and second declenfion; but adjectives of one or two terminations are of the third.

Exc. The following adjectives, though they have three terminations, are of the third declenfion :

Acer, fbarp.
Alăcer, cheerful.
Celer, swift.

Celeber, famous.

Campefter, belonging to Sylvester, woody.
a plain [borfe Pedefter, on foot.
Equefter, belonging to a Palufter, marby.
Salüber, wholesome. Volucer, fwift.

ADJECTIVES of the FIRST and SECOND DECLENSION. Adjectives of the first and second declenfion have their mafculine in us or er, their feminine always in a, and their neuter always in um; as, bonus, for the mafc. bona, for the fem. bonum, for the neut. good: thus,

Sing.

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Plur.
-x,

G. bon-orum, -arum, -orum,

-a,

D bon-o, -x, .0,

D bon-is,

-is,

-is,

A bon-um, -am, -um,
V. bon-e, -a, -um,
"A. bon-o, â,
-0,

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3. Adjectives of three terminations; as, acer or acris, for the mafc. acris, for the fem. acre, for the neut. sharp; thus,

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A. a-cri,

-cri, cri. A. a-cribus, -cribus, -cribus.

In like manner, alacer or alacris, celer or celeris, celeber or celebris, faluber or falubris, volucer or volucris, c.

RULES.

1. Adjectives of the third declenfion have e or i in the ablative fingular: but if the neuter be in e, the ablative has i only.

2. The genitive plural ends in ium, and the neuter of the nominative, accufative, and vocative, in ia: except comparatives, which have um and a.

EXCEPTIONS.

Exc. 1. Dives, hofpes, fofpes, fuperftes, juvĕnis, fenex, and pauper, have only in the abiative fingular, and confequently um in the genitive plural.

Exc. 2. The following have alfo e in the abl. fing. and um, not ium in the gen. plur. Compos, -štis, master of, that hath obtained his defire; impos, -õtis, unable; inops, -õpis, poor; supplex, -ĭcis, suppliant, humble; uber, -ĕris, fertile; confors, -tis, fharing, a partner; degener, -eris, degenerate, or degenerating; vigil, watchful; puber, -ĕris, of age, marriageable; and celer: Alfo compounds in ceps, fex, pes, and corpor; as, particeps, partaking of; artifex, -icis, cunning, an artift; bipes, -pedis, two footed; bicorpor, -oris, two-bodied, &c. All these have feldom the neut. fing. and almost never the neut, plur. in the nom and acc. To which add memor, mindful, which has memori, and memorum: also defes, refes, bebes, perpes, præpes, teres, concolor, verficolor, which likewise for the most part want the genitive plural.

Exc. 3. Par, equal, has only pări : but its compounds have either e ori; as, compare, or -ri, Vetus, old, hath vetera, and vetĕrum; plus, more, which is only used in the neut. fing. has plure; and in the plural, plures, plura, or pluria, plurium.

Exc. 4. Exfpes, hopeless; and potis, -e, able, are only used in the nominative. Potis has also sometimes potis in the neuter.

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