Exc. 4. Nouns in ys, which have ym in the accufative, make their ablative in ye, or y; as, Atys, Atye, or Aty, the name of a man.

NOMINATIVE PLURAL.

1. The nominative plural ends in es, when the noun is either masculine or feminine; as, fermones, rupes.

Nouns in is and es have fometimes in the nominative plural alfo eis or is ; as, puppes, puppeis, or puppis.

2. Neuters which have e in the ablative fingular, have a in the nominative plural; but those which have i in the ablative, make ia; as, capita, fedīlia.

GENITIVE PLURAL.

Nouns which in the ablative fingular have i only, or e and i together, make the genitive plural in ium; but if the ablative be in e, the genitive plural has um; as, fedile, fedili, fedilium; turris, turre or turri, turrium; caput, capite, capitum.

Exc. 1. Monofyllables in as havę ium, though their ablative end in e; as, mas, a male, măre, marium; vas, a furety, vădium; but pollyfyllables have rather um; as, civitas, a state or city, civitatum, and fometimes civitatium.

Exc. 2. Nouns in es and is, which do not increase in the genitive fingular, have also ium; as, hoftis, an enemy, hoftium. So likewife nouns ending in two confonants; as, gens, a nation, gentium; urbs, a city, urbium.

But the following have um: parens, vates, panis, juvěnis,

and canis.

Exc. 3. The following nouns form the genitive plural in ium, though they have e only in the ablative fingular:

Caro, carnis, f. fleb.

Cohors, -tis, f. a company.
Cor, cordis. n. the heart.

Cos, cotis, f a bone or whetstone.

Dos, dotis, f. a dowry.
Faux, faucis, f. the jaws.

Glis, glīris, m. a rat.

Lar, laris, m. a housebold-god.
Linter, -tris, m. or f. a little boat.

Lis, litis, f. ftrife.

Mus, mūris, m. a moufe.
Nix, nivis, f. fnow.
Nox, noctis, f. the night.
Os, offis, n. a bone.
Quiris, -itis, a Roman.

Samnis, -ītis, m. or f. a Sampite.
Uter, utris, m. a bottle.

Thus Samnitium, lintrium, litium, &c. Alfo the compounds of uncia and as; as, feptunx, seven ounces, feptuncium; bes, eight ounces, besium. Bos, an ox or cow, has boum, and in the dative, bōbus, or būbus.

Greek nouns have generally um; as, Macedo, a Macedonian; Arabs, an Arabian; Æthiops, an Ethiopian; Monoceros, an unicorn ; Lynx, a beast so called; Thrax, a Thracian: Macedonum, Arăbum, Ethiopum, Monocerotum, Lyncum, Thracum. But those which have a or fis in the nominative fingular, fometimes form the genitive plural in on; as, Epigramma, epigrammătum, or epigrammatên, an epigram ; metamorphofis, -ium, or -côn.

Obf. 1. Nouns which want the fingular, form the genitive plural as if they were complete; thus, manes, m. fouls departed, manium ; celites, m. inhabitants of heaven, cœlitum; because they would have had in the fing. manis and cæles. But names of feasts often vary their declension; as, Saturnalia, the feast of Saturn, Saturnalium, and Saturnaliorum.

Obf. 2 Nouns which have ium in the genitive plural, are, by the poets, often contracted into um; as, nocentûm for nocentium: and fometimes to increase the number of fyllables, a letter is inserted; as, cœlituum for calitum. The former of these is faid to be done by the figure Syncope; and the latter by Epenthesis.

Exc. I.

EXCEPTIONS IN THE DATIVE PLURAL.

Greek nouns in a have commonly tis instead of tibus; as, poēma, poem, poemătis, rather than poematibus, from the old nominative poemătum.

Exc. 2. The poets fometimes form the dative plural of Greek nouns in fi, or when the next word begins with a vowel, in fin; as, Troăfi or Troăfin, for Troădibus, from Troas, Troădis, a Trojan woman.

EXCEPTIONS IN THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL.

Exc. I. Nouns which have ium in the genitive plural, make their accufative plural in es, eis, or is ; as, partes, partium, acc. partes, parteis, or partis

Exc. 2. If the accufative fingular end in a, the accufative plural also ends in as; as, lampas, lampădem, or lampăda; lampades or lampădas. So Tros, Troas; heros, heroas; Ethiops, Ethiopas, &c.

GREEK NOUNS THROUGH ALL THE CASES.

Lampas, f. lampadis, or -ădos; -ădi, -ădem, or ada; -as; -ade: Plural -ades; -ŭdum; adibus; ades, or -adas; -ades ; adibus.

Troas, f. Troadis, or -ados; -i; emora; as; e: Plur. Tro
ades; -um; ibus, fi, or fin; es or as ; es ; ibus.
Tros, m. Trois; Troi; Troem or -a; Tros; Troe, &c.
Phillis, f. Phillidis or -dos, di, dem or da; i; de.

Paris, m. Paridis or -dos; di; dem, Parim or in; i; de.
Chlamys, f. Chlamydir or -ždos, ždi, ÿdem or žda, ys, ÿde, &c.
Capys, m. Capyis, or -yos; yi; ym or yn ; y ; ye or y.
Metamorphofis, f. -is or -eos, i, em or in, i, i, &c.
Orpheus, m. eos, ëï or ei, ea, eu, abl. eo of the second decl.
Dido, f. Didûs or Didōnis, Dido or Didoni, &c.

FOURTH DECLENSION.

Nouns of the fourth declenfion end in us and u. Nouns in us are masculine: nouns in u are neuter, and indeclinable in the fingular number.

The terminations of the cafes are; nom. fing. us; gen. ûs; dat. ui; acc. um; voc. like the nom.; nom. acc. voc plur. us or ua; gen. yum; dat. and abl ibus

; as, Cornu, a born, neut. Plur.

Sing.

N. fructus,

N. fructus,

G. cornu,

D. cornu,

V. fructus,

Ficus, a fig.

The following nouns are feminine:

Manus, the band. Specus, a den.

Porticus. a gallery.

Penus and fpecus are fometimes mafc. Ficus, Penus, and domus, with feveral others, are alfo of the fecond declenfion. Capricornus, m. the fign of Capricorn, although from cornu, is always of the fecond decl. and fo are the compounds of manus; unimănus; centimănus, &c, Domus is but partly of the fecond; thus,

Note. Domus, in the genit. fignifies, of a house; and domi, at home, or of home; as, memineris domi. Ter. The following have bus in the dative and

Exc. 2. ablative plural.

Acus, a needle.

Arcus, a bow.

Artus, a joint.

Genu, the knee.

Portus, genu,

and

veru,

have likewife bus; as, portibus or portubus.

Exc. 3. IESUS, the venerable name of our Saviour, has um in the accufative, and u in all the other cafes.

Nouns of this declenfion anciently belonged to the third, and were declined like grus, gruis, a crane; thus, fructus, fru&tuis, fručtui, fructuem, fructue; fructues, fructuum, fructuibus, fructues, fructues, fructuibus. So that all the cafes are contracted, except the dative fingular, and genitive plural. In some writers, we still find the genitive fingular in uis, and in others, the dative in u. The gen. plur. is fometimes contracted; as, currûm for curruum.

FIFTH DECLENSION.

Nouns of the fifth declenfion end in es, and are of the feminine gender; as,

Res, a thing, fem.
Plur.

Nom. res,

Terminations.

Sing. Nom. res,

Gen. rei,

Gen, rerum,

Except dies, a day, mafc. or fem. in the fingular, and always mafc. in the plural; and meridies, the mid-day, or noon, mase:

D

The poets fometimes make the genitive, and more rarely the dative, in e.

The nouns of this declenfion are few in number, not exceeding fifty, and feem anciently to have been comprehended under the third declenfion. Most of them want the genitive, dative, and ablative plural, and many the plural altogether.

All nouns of the fifth declenfion end in ies, except three, fides, faith; fpes, hope; res, a thing; and all nouns în ies are of the fifth, except thefe four, abies, a fir tree; aries, a ram; paries, a wall; and quies, reft; which are of the third declension.

IRREGULAR NOUNS.

Trregular nouns may be reduced to three claffes, Variable, Defective, and Redundant.

I. VARIABLE NOUNS.

Nouns are variable, either in gender, or declenfion, or in both.

I. Those which vary in gender are called heterogeneous, and may be reduced to the following claffes:

1. Mafculine in the fingular, and neuter in the plural:

Avernus, a lake in Campania, bell.
Dindymus, a bill in Phrygia.
Ifmărus, a bill in Thrace.
Mafsicus, a bill in Campania, fa-
mous for excellent wines.

Mænǎlus, a bill in Arcadia.
Pangaus, a promontory in Thrace.
Tænărus, a promontory in Laconia.
Tartarus, hell.

Taygětus, a hill in Laconia.

Thus, Averna, Avernorum; Dindyma, -orum, &c. These are thought by fome to be properly adjectives, having mons understood in the Angular, and juga or cacumina in the plural.

2. Mafc. in the fing, and in the plur. mafc. and neuter : Focus, a jeft, pl. joci and joca; locus, a place, pl. loci and loca.

When we fpeak of paffages in a book, or topics in difcourfe, loci only is used.

3. Feminine in the fingular, and neuter in the plural: Carbafus, a fail, pl. carbăfa; Pergamus, the citadel of Troy, pl. Pergama.

4. Neuter in the fingular, and mafculine in the plural: Calum, pl. cæli, heaven; Elyfium, pl. Elyfii, the Elyfian fields; "Argos, pl. Argi, a city in Greece.