BS. PS. MS.

Nouns in S with a confonant going before, fhorten the penult of the genitive; as, cælebs, -ibis; inops, -opis; hiems, -ěmis.

Except Cyclops, -opis; feps, sepis; gryps, gryphis; Cercops, opis; plebs, plebis; hydrops, -ōpis.

T.

T fhortens the crement; as, caput, -itis.

X.

1. Nouns in X which have the genitive in gis, fhorten the crement; as, conjux, -ŭgis; remex, -igis; Allobrox, -õgis ; Phryx, Phrygis. But lex, legis; and rex, rēgis, are long; and likewife frugis.

2. EX fhortens icis ; as, vertex, icis; except vibex, -icis. 3. Other nouns in X lengthen the crement; as, pax, pācis; radix, īsis; vox, vācis ; lux, lūcis; Pollux, -ucis, &c.

Except făcis, necis, vīcis, précis, calīcis, cilīcis, pĭcis, fornicis, nĭvis, Cappadocis, ducis, nucis, crucis, trūcis, onžchis, Eržcis, maflyx, -ÿchis, the rofin of the lentifcus, or mastich-tree, and many others, whose quantity can only be ascertained by authority.

4. Some nouns vary the crement; as, Syphax, -ācis, or -ăcis; Sandyn, -icis, or -īcis; Bebryx, -ỹcis, or -ÿcis.

Increafe of the Plural Number.

9 Nouns of the plural number which increase, makc A, E, and O, long; but shorten I, and U; as,

musārum, rērum, dominōrum; rēgibus, portubus: except bōbus or bubus, contracted for bovibus.

INCREASE OF VERBS.

A verb is faid to increase, when any part has more fyllables than the second perfon fingular of the prefent of the indicative active; as, amas, amāmus, where the fecond fyllable ma is the increase or crement; for the last fyllable is never called by that name.

A verb often increases by feveral fyllables; as, amas, amābāmĭni; in which case it is faid to have a firft, fecond, or third increase.

10. In the increase of verbs, a, e, and o are long; i, and u, fhort; as,

Amare, docere, amātōte; legimus, sumus, volůmus.

The poets fometimes shorten dederunt and fiětèrunt; and lengtherz vimus and ritis, in the future of the fubjunctive; as, tranferitis aquas, Ovid. All the other exceptions from this rule are marked in the formation of the verb.

The firft or middle fyllables of words which do not come under any of the foregoing rules, are faid to be long or fhort by authority; and their quantity can only be difcovered from the ufage of the poets, which is the moft certain of all rules.

REMARKS on the QUANTITY of the PENULT of WORDS.

1. Patronymics in IDES or ADES ufually fhorten the penult ; as, Priamīdas, Atlantiades, &c. Unless they come from nouns in cus; as, Pelia, Tydides, Te.

2. Patronymies, and fimilar words, in AIS, EIS, ITIS, ois, otis, INE, and ONE, commonly lengthen the penult; as, Achais, Ptolemais, Chryseis, Æneis, Memphitis, Latois, Icariotis, Nerine, Arifiōne. Except Thebäis, and Phocăis; and Nereis, which is common,

3. Adjectives in ACUS, ICUS, IDUS, and IMUS, for the most part horten the penult; as, Ægyptiacus, academicus, lepădus, legitimus; alfo fuperlatives; as, fortifsimus, &c. Except opācus, amicns, apricus, pudicus, mendicus, pofticus, fidus, infidus, (but perfidus, of per and fides, is fhort,) bimus, quadrimus, patrīmus, matrimus, opimus; and two fuperlatives, imus, primus.

4. Adjectives in ALIS, ANUS, ARUS, IVUS, ORUS, OSUS, lengthen the penult; as, dotālis, urbānus, avārus, aftīvus, decōrus, arenŌf. Except barbărus, opipărus.

5. Verbal adjectives in ILIS shorten the penult; as, agilis, facilis, &c. But derivatives from nouns ufually lengthen it; as, anīlis, civilis, berilis, &c. To thefe add, exīlis, fubtilis; and names of months, Aprilis, Quinctilis, Sextilis: Except humilis, parīlis; and alfo fimilis. But all adjectives in atilia are short; as, versatilis, volatĭlis, umbratilis, &c.

6. Adjectives in INUS derived from inanimate things, as plants, ftones, &c. alfo from adverbs of time, commonly fhorten the penult; as, amaracinus, crocinus, cedrinus, faginus, oleaginus; adamanti. nus, cristallinus, craftinus, priftinus, perendinus, &c.

Other adjectives in INUS are long; as, agmīnus, auftrīnus, binus, clandeftinus, Latinus, marīnus, fupinus, vefpertinus, &c.

7. Diminutives in OLUS, OLA, OLUM; and ULUS, ULA, ULUM, always fhorten the penult; as, urceolus, filiðla, musæŏlum; Fectulus, ratiuncula, corcŭlum, &c.

8. Adverbs in TIM lengthen the penult; as, oppidātim, viritim, tributim. Except affătim, perpětim, and ftătim.

9. Defideratives in URIO fhorten the antepenultima, which in the second and third perfon is the penult; as, esŭrio, esuris, esŭrit. But other verbs in urio, lengthen that fyllable; as, ligūrio, ligūris ; fcaturio, fcaturis, &c.

PENULT of PROPER NAMES.

The following proper names lengthen the penult. Abdēra, Abydus, Adonis, Æsopus, Etolus, Ahala, Alaricus, Alcides, Amyclæ, Andronicus, Anubis, Archimēdes, Ariarathes, Ariobarzānes, Ariftides, Ariftobulus, Ariftogīton, Arpinum, Artabanus; Brachmanes, Busīris, Buthrōtus; Cethegus, Chalcedon, Cleobulus, Cyrene, Cythera, Curētes; Dariei, Demonicus, Diomedes, Diores, Diofcuri; Ebudes, Eriphyle, Eubulus, Euclides, Euphrates, Eumedes, Euripus, Euxinus; Gargānus, Gætulus, Granicus; Heliogabalus, Henricus, Heraclides, Heraclitus, Hippōnax, Hifpānus; Irēne; Lacydas, Latōna, Leucāta; Lugdunum, Lycōras; Mandane, Mausolus, Maximinus, Meleäger, Mefsāla, Mefsāna, Milētus; Nasīca, Nicanor, Nicētas; Pachynus, Pandora, Pelōris, et us, Pharsalus, Phoenice, Polites, Polyclētus, Polynices, Priapus; Sarpedon, Serapis, Sinope, Stratonice, Suffetes; Tigranes, Theffalonica, Verona, Veronica.

The following are short; Amăthus, Amphipolis, Anabăfis, Anticyra, Antigonus, et-ne, Antilochus, Antiochus, Antiopa, Antipas, Antipăter, Antiphanes, Antiphates, Antiphila, Antiphon, Anytus, Apŭlus, Areopagus, Ariminum, Arměnus, Athěfis, Attalus, Attica; Biturix, Bruc těri; Calăber, Callicrătes, Calliftratus, Candace, Cantǎber, Carneǎdes, Cherilus, Chryfoftomus, Cleombrotus, Cleomenes, Corycos, Conftantinopolis, Craterus, Cratylus, Creměra, Cruftumĕri, Cyběle, Cyclădes, Cyzicus ; Damocles, Dardanus, Dejõces, Dejotărus, Democritus, Demipho, Didymus, Diogenes, Drepănum, Dumnorix; Empedocles, Ephefus, Evergètes, Eumenes, Eurymedon, Euripylus; Fucinus; Geryones, Gyărus; Hecyra, Heliopolis, Hermione, Herodotus, Hefiodus, Hefione, Hippocrates, Hippotămos, Hypăta, Hypănis; Icărus, Icētas, Illyris, Iphitus, Ifmărus, Ithaca; Laodice, Laomedon, Lampsăcus, Lamyrus, Lapichæ, Leucretilis, Lipăre, v. -a, Lyfimachus, Longimanus; Marathon, Mændlus, Marmarica, Maffagětæ, Matrona, Megara, Melitus, et -ta, Metropolis, Mutína, Myconus; Neŏcles, Neritos, Noricum; Omphale; Patara, Pegafus, Pharnaces, Pisistratus, Polydamas, Polyx

ěna, Porsěna, or Porfenna, Praxitěles, Puteoli, Pylades, Pythagoras; Sarmătæ, Sarsina, Seměle, Semiramis, Sequăni, et -a, Seriphos, Sicoris, Socrates, Sodoma, Sotades, Spartacus, Sporades, Strongyle, Stymphalus, Sybaris; Taygetus, Telegonus, Telemachus, Tenědos, Tarraco, Theophones, Theophilus, Tomyris; Urbicus; Veněti, Vologěfus, Voluŭfus; Xenocrates; Zoilus. Zopyrus.

The penult of feveral words is doubtful; thus, Batăvi, Lucan. Batavi, Juv. et Mart. Fortuitus, Horat. Fortuĭtus, Mart. Some make fortuitus, of three syllables; but it may be shortened like gratuïtus, Stat. Patrimus, matrimus, præftolor, &c. are by fome lengthened, and by fome hortened; but for their quantity there is no certain authority.

2. FINAL SYLLABLES.

A.

11. A in the end of a word declined by cafes is short; as, Musă templă, Tydă, Lampădă.

Exc. The ablative of the firft declenfion is long; as, Musó, Ænëó; and the vocative of Greek nouns in as; as, 0 Enca, O Palla.

A in the end of a word not declined by cafes is long; as, Amă, fruftrà, præterea, ergā, intrà.

Exc. Itä, quia, ejă, posteă, pută, (adv.) and sometimes, though more rarely, the prepofitions contră, ultră; and the compounds of ginta; 26, trigintă, &c.

12. E final is fhort; as,

E.

Natě, fedilě, patrě, carrě, nempě, antě.

Exc. 1. Monofyllables are long; as, mē, tē, sẽ: except thefe enclitic conjunctions, quě, vě, ně; and these syllabical adjections, prě, cě, tě; as, fuaptě, hujuscě, tutě.

Exc. 2. Nouns of the first and fifth declenfion are long; as, Cal- liŏpē, Anchisē, fidē. So re-, and die, with their compounds, quare, hodie, pridie, poftridie, quotidie: Alfo Greek nouns which want the fingular; Cete, melē, Tempe; and the fecond perfon fingular of the imperative of the second conjugation; as, Docē, manē; but cave, vale, and vide, are fometimes hort.

Exc. 3. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and fecond declenfion are long; as, placidē, pulchrē, valdē, contracted for valide: To these add ferme, ferè, and obe; alfo all adverbs of the fuperlative degree; as, doctiffimë, fortissimë : But benë and malě are Mortą

I.

13. I final is long; as, Domini, patrī, doceri. Fic. 4. Greck votatives are fhort; as, Alex Amarylli

Exc. 2. The dative of Greek nouns of the third declenfion which increase, is common; as, Pallădi, Minoīdi.

Mihi, tibi, fibi, are alfo common: So likewife are ibi, nifi, ubi, quafi; and cui, when a diffyllable, which in poetry is feldom the cafe. Sicubi and necubi are always short.

0.

14. O final is common; as, Vergo, amo, quando.

Exc. 1. Monofyllables are long; as, ō, do, fië, prō : The dative and ablative fing. of the fecond declenfion is long; as, librō dominō: Alfo Greek nouns; as, Didō, and Athō the genit. of Athos and adverbs derived from nouns; as, certō, falsō, paulo. To these add quō, cō, and their compounds, quōvis, quocunque, adeo, ideo; likewife illō, idcircō, citrō, intrō, retrō, ultrō.

Exc. 2. The following words are short; Ego, fciò, cedo a defective verb, homo, cito, illĭcă, immă, duŏ, ambŏ, modõ, with its compounds, quomodo, dummodõ, poftmodě : but fome of these are also found long.

Exc. 3. The gerund in DO in Virgil is long; in other poets it is fhort. Ergo, on account of, is long; ergo, therefore, is doubtful.

as,

15. U final is long;

U and r.

final is short; as, Vultữ: Molj.

B, D, L, M, R, T.

16. B, D, L, R, and T, in the end of a word, are short;

Ab, apud, feměl, precor, capăt.

The following words are long, säl, sõl, nil; pār and its compounds; fär, lär, När, cur, für; alfo nouns in er which have ēris in the genitive; as, Cratēr, vēr, Ibēr, likewife aër, ather: to which add Hebrew names; as, Fōb, Daniel, David.

M final anciently made the foregoing vowel fhort; as, Militum oco, Ennius. But by later pocts, m in the end of a word is always cut off, when the next word begins with a vowel; thus, milit' octo; except in compound words; as, circumăgo, circumeo.

C, N.

17. C and N, in the end of a word, are long; as,