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Obf. 1. Humi, militia, and belli, are likewise construed in the genie tive, as names of towns; thus,

Domi et militia, or belli, At home and abroad. Facet bumi, He lies on the ground.

Obf. 2. When Domus is joined with an adjective, we commonly ufe a prepofition; as, In domo paterna, not domi paternæ ; So Ad domum paternam: Ex domo paternâ. Unless when it is joined with thefe poffeffives, Meus, tuus, fuus, nofter, regius, vefter, and alienus; as, Domi meæ vixit, Cic. Regiam domum comportant, Sall.

Obf. 3. When Domus has another substantive in the genitive after it, the prepofition is sometimes used, and sometimes not; as, Deprehenfus eft domi, domo, er in domo Cæfaris.

LIV. To names of countries, provinces, and all other places, except towns, the prepofition is commonly added;

as,

When the question is made by

Ubi Natus in Italia, in Latio, in urbe, &c.

Quo? Abiit in Italiam, in Latium, in, or, ad urbem, &c.
Unde? Rediit ex Italia, e Latio, ex urbe, &c.

Qua? Tranfit per Italiam, per Latium, per urbem, &c.

Obf. 1. A prepofition is often added to names of towns; as, In Roma for Roma; ad Romam, ex Roma, &c.

Peto always governs the accufative as an active verb, without a prepofition; as, Petivit Egyptum, He went to Egypt.

Obf. 2. Names of countries, provinces, &c. are fometimes conftrued without the preposition; as, Pompeius Cypri visus est, Caf. Creta juffit confidere Apollo, Virg. Venit Sardiniam, Cic. Romæ, Numidiaque facinora ejus memorat, Sall,

4. MEASURE and DISTANCE.

LV. Measure or distance is put in the accufative, and fometimes in the ablative; as,

Murus eft decem pedes altus, Urbs diftat triginta millia, or triginta millibus paffuum,

Iter, or itinere unius dici,

The wall is ten feet bigh.

}

The city is thirty miles diftant.
One day's journey.

Obf. 1. The accufative or ablative of measure is put after ad jectives and verbs of dimenfion; as, Longus, latus, craffus, profundus' and altus: Patet, porrigitur, eminet, &c. The names of measure are pes, cubitus, ulna, paffus, digitus, an inch; palmus, à fpan, an handbreadth, &c. The accufative or ablative of distance is ufed only after verbs which exprefs motion or diftance; as, Eo, curro, abfum

difto, &. The accufative is governed by ad or per understood, and the ablative by a or ab.

Obf. 2. When we express the measure of more things than one, we commonly use the distributive number; as, Muri funt denos pedes alti, and fometimes denûm pedum, for denorum, in the genitive, ad menfuram being understood. But the genitive is only used to express the measure of things in the plural number.

ad

Obf. 3. When we exprefs the distance of a place where any thing is done, we commonly use the ablative; or the accufative with the prepofition ad; as, Sex millibus paffuum ab urbe confedit, or, fex millia paffuum, Caf. Ad quintum milliarium . milliare confedit, Cic. Ad quintum lapidem, Nep.

Obf. 4. The excess or difference of measure and distance is put in the ablative; as,

Hoc lignum excedit illud digito. Toto vertice fupra eft, Virg, Britanniæ longitudo ejus latitudinem ducentis quadraginta milliaribus fuperat.

5. TIME.

LVI. When the queftion is made by Quando? When? time is put in the ablative; as,

Venit bor tertiâ,

He came at three o'clock.

¶ When the question is made by Quamdiu? How long? time is put in the accufative or ablative, but oftener in the accufative; as,

Manfit paucos dies,
Sex menfibus abfuit,

He ftaid a few days.

He was away fix months.

* Or thus, Time when is put in the ablative, time how long is put in the accufative.

Obf. 1. When we speak of any precise time, it is put in the ablative; but when continuance of time is expreffed, it is put for the moft part in the accufative.

Obf. 2. All the circumstances of time are often expreffed with a prepofition; as, In præfentia, or in præfenti, feil. tempore; in vel ad præfens; Per decem annos; Surgunt de nocte; Ad horam deftinatam; Intra annum; Per idem tempus; ad Kalendas foluturos ait, Suet. The prepofition ad or circa is sometimes fuppreffed, as in these expreffions, hoc, illud, id, iftuc, ætatis, temporis, horæ, &c. for hac ætate, hoc tempore, &c. And ante or fome other word; as, Annos natus unum & viginti, fc. ante. Siculi quotannis tributa conferunt, fe. tot annis, quot vel quotquot funt, Cic. Prope diem, sc. ad, soon ; Oppidum paucis diebus, quibus eo ventum eft, expugnatum, f. poft cos dies, Caf. Ante diem tertium Kalendas Maias accepi tuas literas, for die tertio ante, Cic. Qui dies futurus effet inante diem octavum Kalendas Novembris, Id, Exante diem quintum Kal. Octob. Liv.

Lacedæmonii feptingentos jam annos amplius unis moribus et nunquam mutatis legibus vivunt, fc. quam per, Cic. We find, Primum ftipendium meruit annorum decem feptemque, fe. Atticus; for septemdecim annos natus, feventeen years old, Nep.

Obf. 3. The adverb ABHINC which is commonly used with refpect to past time, is joined with the accufative or ablative without a prepofition, as, factum eft abhinc biennio or biennium, It was done twoyears ago. So likewise are post and ante; as, paucos poft annos: but here, ca or id may be understood.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

A compound fentence is that which has more than one nominative, or one finite verb.

A compound sentence is made up of two or more fimple fentences or phrafes, and is commonly called a Period. The parts of which a compound fentence confifts, are called Members or Claufes.

In every compound fentence there are either feveral fubjects, and one attribute, or several attributes, and one subject, or both several fubjects and several attributes: That is, there are either feveral nominatives applied to the fame verb, or several verbs applied to the fame nominative, or both.

Every verb marks a judgment or attribute, and every attribute muft have a subject. There must therefore be in every fentence or period as many propofitions as there are verbs of a finite mode. Sentences are compounded by means of relatives and conjunctions; as,

Happy is the man who loveth religion and practiseth virtue.

The CONSTRUCTION of RELATIVES.

LVII. The relative Qui, Qua, Quod, agrees with the antecedent in gender, number, and perfon; and is conftrued through all the cafes, as the antecedent would be in its place; as,

Singular.

Vir qui, Femina que, Negotium quod, Ego qui fcribo, Tu qui fcribis, Vir qui fcribit,

The man who.
The woman who.
The thing which.
I who write.
Thou who writeft.
The man who writes.

Plural.
Viri qui.
Famine que.
Negotia que.
Nos qui fcribimus.
Vos qui fcribitis.
Viri qui fcribunt.

The woman who writes.
The animal which runs.
The man whom I faw.
The woman whom I saw.
The animal which I faw.
The man whom he obeys.
The man to whom he is like.
The man by whom.
The woman to whom.
The man whofe work it is.

Mulier quæ fcribit,
Animal quod currit,
Vir quem vidi,
Mulier quam vidi,
Animal qued vidi,
Vir cui parets
Vir cui eft fimilis,
Vir a quo,
Mulier ad quam,
Vir cujus opus eft,
Vir quem miseror,
cujus mifereor vel
cujus me miferet,
cujus vel cuja intereft, &c.

miferesco,

}

Mulieres que fcribunt.
Animalia quæ currunt.
Viri quos vidi.
Mulieres quas vidi.
Animalia quæ vidi.
Viri quibus paret.
Viri quibus eft fimilis.
Viri a quibus.
Mulieres ad quas.

Viri quorum opus eft.

The man whom I pity.

whofe intereft it is, &c. .

If no nominative come between the relative and the verb, the refative will be the nominative to the verb.

But if a nominative come between the relative and the verb, the relative will be of that cafe, which the verb or noun following, or the prepofition going before, use to govern.

Thus the conftruction of the relative requires an acquaintance with most of the foregoing rules of fyntax, and may ferve as an exercise on all of them.

Obf. 1. The relative must always have an antecedent expreffed or understood, and therefore may be considered as an adjective placed betwixt two cafes of the fame substantive, of which the one is always expreffed, generally the former; as,

Vir qui (vir) legit; vir, quem (viram) amo: Sometimes the latter; as, Quam quifque ndrit artem, in hac (arte) fe exerceat, Cic. Eunuchum. quem dedifti nobis, quas turbas dedit, Ter. fc. Eunuchus. Sometimes both cafes are expreffed; as, Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus domo exire poffent, Cæf. Sometimes, though more rarely, both cafes are omitted; as, Sunt, quos boc genus minime juvat, for funt bomines, quos, &c. Hor.

Obf. 2. When the relative is placed betwixt two fubftantives of different genders, it may agree in gender with either of them, though most commonly with the former; as,

A

Vultus quem dixere chaos, Ovid. Eft locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur, Sall. Animal, quem vocamus bominem, Cic. Cogito id quod res ef, Ter. If a part of a sentence be the antecedent, the relative is always put in the neuter gender; as, Pompeius fe afflixit, quod mibi eft fummo dolori, fcil. Pompeium fe affligere, Cic. Sometimes the relative does not agree in gender with the antecedent, but with fome fynonymous word fupplied; as, Scelus qui, for fceleftus, Ter. Abundantia earum rerum, quæ mortales prima putant, fcil. negotia, Sall. Vel virtus tua me vel vicinitas, quod ego in aliqua parte amicitiæ puto, facit ut te moneam, fcil. negotium, Ter.

Obf. 3. When the relative comes after two words of different perfons, it agrees with the first or second perfon rather than the

third; as, Ego fum vir, qui facio, fcarcely facit. In English it fome. times agrees with either; as, I am the man, who make, or maketh. But when once the person of the relative is fixed, it ought to be continued through the reft of the sentence: thus it is proper to fay "I am the man, who takes care of your intereft," but if I add, " at the expence of my own," it would be improper. It ought either to be "his own," or "who take." In like manner, we fay, "I thank you, who gave, who did love," &c. But it is improper to fay," I thank thee, who gave, who did love:" it fhould be, "who gaveft, who didft love." In no part of English syntax are inaccuracies committed more frequently than in this. Beginners are particularly apt to fall into them, in turning Latin into English. The reafon of it feems to be our applying thou or you, thy or your, promifcuously, to exprefs the fecond perfon fingular, whereas the Latins almost always expreffed it by tu and tuus.

as,

Obf. 4. The antecedent is often implied in a poffeffive adjective;

Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui haberem gnatum tali ingenio præditum, Ter. Sometimes the antecedent must be drawn from the fenfe of the foregoing words; as, Carne pluit, quem imbrem aves rapuiffe ferun tur; i. e. pluit imbrem carne, quem imbrem, &c. Liv. Si tempus eft ullum jure hominis necandi, quæ multa funt, scil. tempora, Cic.

Obf. 5. The relative is fometimes entirely omitted; as, Urbs antiqua fuit: Tyrii tenucre coloni, fcil. quam or eam, Virg. Or if once expreffed, is afterwards omitted, fo that it must be supplied in a different cafe; as, Bocchus cum peditibus, quos filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna adfuerant, Romanos invadunt ; for quique in priore pugna non adfuerant, Sall. In English the relative is often omitted, where in Latin it must be expreffed; as, The letter I wrote, for the letter which I wrote; The man I love, to wit, whom. But this omiffion of the relative is generally improper, particularly in ferious difcourfe.

Obf. 6. The cafe of the relative fometimes feems to depend on that of the antecedent; as, Cum aliquid agas eorum, quorum confuêfti, for quæ confuêsti agere, or quorum aliquid agere confuêsti, Cic. But fuch examples rarely occur.

Obf. 7. The adjective pronouns ille, ipfe, ifte, bic, is, and idem, ip their construction, resemble that of the relative qui ; as, Liber ejus, His or her book; Vita eorum, Their life, when applied to men; Vita earum, Their life, when applied to women. By the improper use of these pronouns in English, the meaning of fentences is often rendered obfcure.

Obf. 8. The interrogative or indefinite adjectives, qualis, quantus, quotus, &c. are also fometimes conftrued like relatives; as, Facies eft, qualem decet effe fororum, Ovid. But thefe have commonly other adjectives, either expressed or understood, which answer to them; as, Tanta eft multitudo, quantam urbs capere poteft: and are often applied to different substantives; as, Quales funt cives, talis eft civitas, Cic.

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