verbs, having a prepofition understood when they govern a cafe. So other adverbs alfo are conftrued with the acc. or abl. as, Intus cellam, for intra, Liv. Intus templo divum, sc. in, Virg. Simul bis, sc. cum, Hor.

Obf. 2. A and E are only put before confonants; AB and Ex, ufually before vowels, and fometimes also beforeconfonants; as,

A patre, e regione: ab initio, ab rege; ex urbe, ex parte: ahs before g and t; as, abs te, abs quîvis homine, Ter. Some phrases are used only with e; as, e longinquo, e regione, e vestigio, e re mea eft, &c. Some only with ex; as, Ex compacto, ex tempore, magna ex parte, &c.

Obf. 3. Prepofitions are often understood; as, Devenere locos, fcil. ad; It portis, fc. ex, Virg. Nunc id prodeo, fcil. ob v. propter, Ter. Maria afpera juro, fcil. per, Virg. Ut fe loco movere non poffent, fcil. e vel de, Caf. Vina promens dolio, fcil. ex, Hor. Quid illo facias? Quid me fiet, fc. de, Ter. And fo in English, Shew me the book; Get me some paper, that is, to me, for me. We fometimes find the word to which the prepofition refers, fuppreffed; as, Circum Concordiæ, fc. ædem, Sall. Round St. Paul's, namely, church; Campum Stellatem divifit extra fortem ad viginti millibus civium, i. e. civium millibus ad viginti millia, Suet. But this is most frequently the cafe after prepofitions in compofition; thus, Emittere fervum, fcil. manu, Plaut. Evomere virus, fcil. ore, Cic. Educere copias, fcil. caftris, Cæf.

XLV. A prepofition in compofition often governs the fame cafe, as when it ftands by itself; as,

Adeamus fcholam,
Exeamus fcholâ,

Let us go to the fchool.
Let us go out of the school.

Obf. 1. The preposition with which the verb is compounded, is often repeated; as, Adire ad fcholam; Exire e fchola; Adgredi aliquid, or ad aliquid; ingredi orationem vel in orationem; indu cere animum, et in animum; evadere undis et ex undis; decedere de fuo jure; decedere viâ vel de via; expellere, ejicere, exterminare, extrudere, exturbare urbe, et ex urbe. Some do not repeat the prepofition; as, Affari, alloqui, allatrare aliquem, not ad aliquem. So, alluere urbem; accolere flumen; circumvenire aliquem; præ terire injuriam; abdicare fe magistratu, (also abdicare magiftratum;) transducere exercitum fluvium, &c. Others are only construed with the prepofition; as, Accurrere ad aliquem, adhortari ad aliquid, incidere in morbum, avocare a ftudiis, avertere ab incepto,

&c.

Some admit other prepoûtions; as, Abire, demigrare, loco; et, a, de, ex, loco; abftrahere aliquem a, de, val e confpectu; De

P

fiftere fententia, a vel de fententia; Excidere manibus, de vel e manibus, &c.

Obf. 2. Some verbs compounded with e or ex govern either the ablative or accusative; as,

Egredi urbe or urbem, fcil. extra; egredi extra vallum, Nep. Evadere infidiis or infidias. Patrios excedere muros, Lucan. Scederatâ excedere terrâ, Virg. Elabi ex manibus; pugnam, vincula,

Tac.

Obf. 3. This rule does not take place, unless when the prepofijon may be disjoined from the verb, and put before the noun by itfelf; as, Alloquor patrem, or loquor ad patrem.

3. The CONSTRUCTION of INTERJECTIONS.

XLVI. The interjections O, heu, and prob, are constru ed with the nominative, accufative, or vocative; as,

O vir bonus or bone! O good man! Heu me miferum! Ah wretched me!

So, O vir fortis atque amicus! Ter. Heu vanitas humana! Plin. Heu miserande puer! Virg. O præclarum custodem ovium (ut aiunt) lupum! Cic.

XLVII. Hei and va govern the dative; as,

Hei mibi! Ah me!

Va vobis! Wo to you!

Obf. 1. Heus and obe are joined only with the vocative; as, Heus Syre, Ter. Obe libelle! Martial. Prob or pro, ah, vah, bem, have generally either the accufative or vocative; as, Proh hominum fidem! Ter. Proh Sancte Jupiter! Cic. Hem aftutias! Ter.

Obf. 2. Interjections cannot properly have either concord or government. They are only mere founds excited by passion, and have no just connection with any other part of a sentence. Whatever cafe therefore is joined with them, must depend on fome other word understood, except the vocative, which is always placed abfolutely: thus, Heu me miferum! ftands for Heu! quam me miferum fentio! Hei mihi! for Hei! malum eft mihi! Prob dolor! for Proh! quantus eft dolor! and fo in other examples.

The CONSTRUCTION of CIRCUMSTANCES.

The circumstances, which in Latin are expreffed in dif ferent cafes, are, 1. The Price of a thing. 2. The Caufe, Manner, and Infrument. 3. Place. 4. Measure and Dif 5. Time.

tance.

I. PRICE.

XLVIII. The price of a thing is put in the ablative;

as,

Emi librum duobus affibus,

Conftitit talento,

I bought a book for two fhillings.
It coft a talent.

So Affe carum eft; vile viginti minis; auro venale, &c. Nocet empta dolore voluptas, Hor. Spem pretio non emam, Ter. Plurimi auro vencunt honores, Ovid.

Thefe genitives tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are excepted; as,

Quanti conftitit? How much coft it? Affe et pluris, A fhilling and more.

Obf. 1. When the fubftantive is added, they are put in the ablative; as, parvo pretio, impenfo pretio vendere, Cic.

Obf. 2. Magno, permagno, parvo, paululo, minimo, plurimo, are often used without the fubftantive; as, Permagno conftitit, fc. pretio, Cic. We alfo fay, Emi carè, cariùs, cariffimè; bene, meliùs, optimè; malè, pejùs, viliùs, viliffimè; Valde carè æftimas: Emit do. mum prope dimidio cariùs, quam æftimabat, Cic.

Obf. 3. The ablative of price is properly governed by the prepofition pro understood, which is likewife fometimes expreffed; as Dum pro argenteis decem aureus unus valeret, Liv,

2. MANNER and CAUSE.

XLIX. The cause, manner, and inftrument are put in the ablative; as,

Palleo metu,

Fecit fuo more,

Scribo calamo,

I am pale for fear.

He did it after his own way.
I write with a pen.

So Ardet dolore; pallefcere culpâ; æftuare dubitatione; gestire voluptate v. fecundis rebus; Confectus morbo; affectus beneficiis, graviffimo fupplicio; infignis pietate; deterior licentiâ: Pietate filius, confiliis pater, amore frater; bence Rex Dei gratiâ. Paritur pax bello, Nep. Procedere lento gradu; Acceptus regio apparatu: Nullo fono convertitur annus, Juv. Jam veniet tacito curva fenecta pede, Ovid. Percutere securi, defendere saxis, configere fagittis, &c.

Obf. 1. The ablative is here governed by fome prepofition understood. Before the manner and caufe, the prepofition is fometimes expreffed; as, De more matrum locuta est, Virg. Magno cum metu; Hac de caufa: Præ marore, formidine, &c. But hardly ever before the inftrument; as, Vulnerare aliquem gladio, not cum gladio; unless among the poets, who fometinies add a or ab; as, Trajectus ab enfe, Quid.

Obf. 2. When any thing is faid to be in company with another it is called the ablative of CONCOMITANCY, and has the prepofition, cum ufually added; as, Obsedit curiam cum gladiis: Ingreffus eft cum gladio, Cic.

Obf. 3. Under this rule are comprehended several other circumstances, as the matter of which any thing is made, and what is called by grammarians the ADJUNCT, that is, a noun in the ablative joined to a verb or adjective, to exprefs the character or quality of the perfon or thing fpoken of; as, Capitolium faxo quadrato conftructum, Liv. Floruit acumine ingenii, Cic. Pollet opibus, valet armis, viget memoriâ, famâ nobilis, &c. Eger pedibus. When we exprefs the matter of which any thing is made, the preposition is ufually added; as, Templum de marmore, feldom marmoris; Pocu. lum ex auro factum, Cic.

3. PLACE.

The sircumstances of place may be reduced to four particulars. 1. The place where, or in which. 2. The place whither, or to which. 3. The place whence, or from which. 4. The place by or through which

AT or In a place is put in the genitive; unlefs it be a noun of the third declenfion, or of the plural number, and then it is expreffed in the ablative.

TO a place is put in the accufative; FROM oг BY а place, in the ablative.

But thefe cafes will be more exactly afcertained by reducing the circumstances of place to particular quef

tions.

1. The place WHERE.

L. When the question is made by Ubi? Where? the name of a town is put in the genitive; as,

Vixit Roma,

Mortuus eft Londini,

He lived at Rome.
He died at London.

But if the name of a town be of the third declenfion, or plural number, it is expreffed in the ablative;

25,

Habitat Carthagine,
Studuit Parifiis,

He dwells at Carthage.
He ftudied at Faris.

Obf. t. When a thing is faid to be done, not in the place itself, but in its neighbourhood, we always use the preposition ad or apud ; as, Ador apud Trojam, At or near Troy.

Obf. 2. The name of a town, when put in the ablative, is here governed by the prepofition in understood; but if it be in the genitive, we muft fupply in urbe, or in oppido. Hence, when the name of a town is joined with an adjective or commom noun, the prepofition is generally expreffed: thus, we do not fay, Natus eft Romæ urbis celebris; but either Romæ in celebri urbe, or in Romæ celebri urbe, or in Roma celebri urbe, or sometimes Romæ celebri urbe. In like manner we ufually fay, Habitat in urbe Carthagine, with the prepofition. We likewife find Habitat Carthagini, which is fometimes the termination of the ablative, when the question is made by ubi?

2. The place WHITHER.

LI. When the question is made by Quo? Whither? the name of a town is put in the accufative; as,

Profectus eft Athenas, He went to Athens.

Obf. 1. We find the dative also used among the poets, but more feldom; as, Carthagini nuncios mittam, Horat.

Obf. 2. Names of towns are sometimes put in the accusative, after verbs of telling and giving, where motion to a place is implied; as, Romam erat nunciatum, The report was carried to Rome, Liv. Meffanam literas dedit, Cic.

3. The Place WHENCE.

LII. When the question is made by Unde? Whence! or Qua? By or through what place? the name of a town is put in the ablative; as,

Difceffit Corintho,

Laodicea iter faciebat,

He departed from Corinth.
He went through Laodicea.

When motion by or through a place is fignified, the preposition per is commonly used; as, Per Thebas iter fecit, Nep.

Domus and Rus.

LIII. Domus and rus are conftrued the fame way as names of towns; as,

Manet domi,

Domum revertitur,

Domo arceffitus fum,

He stays at home.

He returns home.

I am called from home.

Vivit rure, or more frequently ruri, He lives in the country.

Rediit rure,

Abiit rus,

He is returned from the country,
He is gone to the country.