IV. The gerund in DUM of the accufative cafe, is governed by the prepofitions ad or inter; as,

Promptus ad audiendum, Ready to hear.

Attentus inter docendum, Attentive in time of teaching. Obf. This gerund is alfo governed by fome other prepofitions; as, Ante domandum, Virg. Ob abfolvendum, Cic. Circa movendum, Quinctil. Or it depends on fome verb going before, and then with the verb effe governs the dative cafe; as, Scio moriendum effe omnibus, I know that all must die. Efe is often underfod.

V. The gerund in DO of the ablative cafe is governed by the prepofitions, a, ab, de, e, ex, or in; as,

as,

Pana a peccando abfterret, Punishment frightens from finning.

Or without a prepofition, as the ablative of manner or caufe;

Memoria excolendo augetur, The memory is improved by exercising it. Defeffus fum ambulando, I am wearied with walking,

Obf. The gerund in its nature very much resembles the infinitive. Hence the one is frequently put for the other; as, Eft tempus legendi, or legere; only the gerund is never joined with an adjective, and is fometimes taken in a paffive fense; as, Cum Tifidium vocaretur ad imperandum, i. e. ut ipfi imperaretur, to receive orders, Sall. Nunc ades ad imperandum, vel ad parendum potius, Sic enim antiqui loquebantur, Cic. i. e. ut tibi imperetur. Urit videndo, i. e. dum videtur, Virg.

Gerunds turned into participles in dus.

XXXVI. Gerunds governing the accufative are elegantly turned into participles in dus, which, like adjectives, agree with their fubftantives in gender, number, and cafe;

as,

By the Gerund.

Petendum eft mihi pacem,
Tempus petendi pacem,

Ad petendum pacem,

A petendo pacem,

frequently

Obf. 1. In changing gerunds into participles in dus, the participle and the fubftantive are always to be put in the fame cafe in which the gerund was; as,

Genitive; Inita funt confilia urbis delendæ, civium trucidandorum, nominis Romani extinguendi, Cic.

Dat Perpetiendo labori idoneus, Colum. Capeffendæ reipublicæ habilis, Tac. Area firma templis ac particibus fuftinendis, Liv. Oneri ferendo eft, fc. aptus v. habilis, Ovid. Natus miferiis ferendis,

Ter. Literis dandis vigilare, Cic. Locum oppido condendo capete,

Liv.

Acc. and abl. Ad defendendam Romam ab oppugnanda Capua duces Romanos abftrahere, Liv. Orationem Latinam legendis noftris efficies pleniorem, Cic.

Obf. 2. The gerunds of verbs which do not govern the accufa tive, are never changed into the participle, except those of medeor, utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, and potior; as, Spes potiundi urbe, or potiunda urbis: but we always fay, Cupidus fubveniendi tibi, and never tui.

The CONSTRUCTION of SUPINES.

1. The Supine in um.

XXXVII. The fupine in um is put after a verb of mo. tion; as,

Abiit deambulatum,

He hath gone to walk.

So, Ducere cohortes prædatum, Liv. Nunc venis irrifum dominum? Quod in rem tuam optimum factu arbitror, te id admonitum venio, Plaut.

Obf. 1. The supine in um is elegantly joined with the verb eo, to express the fignification of any verb more strongly; as, It fe perditum, the fame with id agit, or operam dat, ut se perdat, He is bent on his own destruction, Ter. This fupine with iri taken imperfonally, fupplies the place of the infinitive paffive; as, An credebas illam fine tuâ operâ iri deductum domum? Which may be thus refolved, An credebas iri (a te, vel ab aliquo) deductum (i. e. ad deducendum) illam domum, Ter.

Obf. 2. The fupine in um is put after other verbs besides verbs of motion; as, Dedit filiam nuptum; Cantatum provocemus, Ter. Revocatus defenfum patriam ; Divifit copias hiematum, Nep.

Obf. 3. The meaning of this fupine may be expreffed by several other parts of the verb; as, Venit oratum opem; or, I. Venit opem orandi causâ or opis orandæ. 2. Venit ad orandum opem, or ad orandam opem. 3. Venit opi orandæ. 4. Venit opem oraturus. 5. Venit qui, or ut opem oret. 6. Venit opem orare. But the third

and the laft of thefe are feldom used.

2. The fupine in u.

XXXVIII. The fupine in u is put after an adjective

noun; as,

Facile dictu,

Eafy to tell, or to be told.

So Nihil dictu fædum, vifuque hæc limina tangat; intra quæ puer eft, Juv. Difficilis res eft inventu verus amicus; Fas v. nefas cft dictu; Opus eft fcitu, Cic.

Obf. 1. The fupine in u, being used in a paffive fenfe, hardly ever governs any cafe. It is fometimes, especially in old writers, put after verbs of motion; as, Nunc obfonatu redeo, from getting provisions, Plaut. Primus cubitu furgat (villicus,) poftremus cubitum eat, from bed, Cato.

Obf. 2. This fupine may be rendered by the infinitive or gerund with the prepofition ad; as, Difficile cognitu, cognofci, or ad cognofcendum; Res facilis ad credendum, Cic.

Obf. 3. The fupines being nothing elfe but verbal nouns of the fourth declenfion, ufed only in the accusative and ablative singular, are governed in thefe cafes by prepofitions understood; the supine in um by the prepofition ad, and the fupine in u by the prepofition

in.

The CONSTRUCTION of INDECLINABLE WORDS.

1. The Conftruation of Adverbs.

XXXIX. Adverbs are joined to Verbs and Partici ples, to adjectives, and to other adverbs; as,

Bene fcribit, He writes well,

Servus egregiè fidelis, A flave remarkably faithful.

as,

Fortiter pugnans, Fighting bravely.
Satis bene, Well enough.

Obf. 1. Adverbs are fometimes likewife joined to substantiyes;

Homerus planè orator; planè nofter, Cic. So, Hodie mane; cras mane, heri mane; hodie vesperi, &c. tam mane, tam vespere.

Obf. 2. The adverb for the most part in Latin, and always in English, is placed near to the word which it modifies or affects. Obf. 3. Two negatives, both in Latin and English, are equivalent to an affirmative; as,

Nec non fenferunt, Nor did they not perceive, i. e. Et fenferunt, And they did perceive; Non poteram non exanimari-metu, Cic. Examples however of the contrary of this sometimes occur in good authors both English and Latin. Thus two or three negative participles are placed before the fubjunctive mode to express a stronger negation. Neque tu haud dicas tibi non prædictum, Ter.

But what chiefly deferves attention in Adverbs, is the degree of comparison and the mode with which they are joined. 1. Apprimè, admodum, vebementer, maximè, perquam, valdè, oppidè, &c. and per in compofition, are usually joined to the positive; as, Utrique nofirum gratum admodum feceris, You will do what is very agreeable to both of us, Cic. perquam puerile, very childish; oppidò pauci, very few ; perfacile eft, &c. In like manner, Parum, multum, nimium, tantum, quantum, aliquantum; as, In rebus apertiffimis nimium longi fumus; parum firmus, multum bonus, Cic. Adverbs in um are fometimes

alfo joined to comparatives; as, Forma viri aliquantum amplior bumanâ, Liv.

QUAM is joined to the pofitive or fuperlative in different senses; as, Quam difficile eft! How difficult it is! Quam crudelis, or Ut crudelis eft! How cruel be is! Flens quam familiariter, very familiarly, Ter. So quam feverè, very severely, Cic. quam latè, very widely, Cas. Tam multa, quam, &c. as many things as, &c. Quam maximas potest copias armat, as great as poffible, Sall. Quam maximas gratias agit, quam primum, quam fæpiffime, Cic. Quam quifque peffimè fecit, tam maximè tutus eft, Sall.

FACILE, for baud dubiè, undoubtedly, clearly, is joined to fuperlatives or words of a fimilar meaning; as, Facilè doctiffimus, facilè princeps,. præcipuus. LONGE, to comparatives or fuperlatives, rarely to the pofitives; as, Longè eloquentiffimus Plato, Cic. Pedibus longè melior Lycus, Virg.

2. CUM, when, is construed with the indicative or fubjunctive, oftener with the latter; Dum, whilft, or how long, with the indicative; as, Dum hæc aguntur; Agroto, dum anima eft, spes effe dicitur, Cic. Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos, Ovid. DUM and DONEC, for ufquedum, until, fometimes with the indicative and fometimes with the fubjunctive; as, Operior, dum ifta cognofco, Cic. Haud definam, donec perfecero, Ter. So QUOAD, for quamdiu, quantum, quatenus, as long, as much, as far as; thus, Quoad Catilina fuit in urbe; Quoad tibi æquum videbitur; quoad poffem & liceret; quoad progredi potuerit amentia, Cic. But QUOAD, until, oftener with the fubjunctive; as, Theffalonicæ effe statueram, quoad aliquid ad mé fcriberes, Cic. but not always; Non faciam finem regandi, quoad nunciatum erit te feciffe, Cic. The pronoun ejus, with facere or fieri is elegantly added to quoad; as, Quoad ejus facere poteris; Quoad ejus fieri poffit, Cic. Ejus is thought to be here gov erned by aliquid or fome fuch word understood. Quoad corpus, quoad animam, for fecundum, or quod attinet ad corpus vel animam, as to the body or foul, is esteemed by the best grammarians not to be good Latin.

3. POSTQUAM OF POSTEAQUAM, after, is usually joined with the Indic. ANTEQUAM, PRIUSQUAM, before; SIMUL, SIMULAC, SIMULATQUE, SIMUL UT, as soon as; UBI, when, fometimes with the Ind. and fometimes with the Subj. as, Antequam dico o dicam, Cic. Simulac perfenfit, Virg. Simul ut videro Curionem, Cic. Hæc ubi dicta dedit, Liv. Ubi femel quis pejeraverit, ei credi poftea non oportet, Cic. So NE, truly; as, Næ ego homo fum infelix, Ter. Næ tu, fi id feciffes, melius famæ confuluiffes, Cic. But NE, not, with the Imperative, or more elegantly with the fubjunctive; as, Ne jura, Plaut. Ne poft conferas culpam in me, Ter. Ne tot annorum felicitatem in unius horæ dederis difcrimen, Liv.

4. QUASI, CEU, TANQUAM, PERINDE, when they denote refemblance, are joined with the Indic. Fuit, olim, quafi ego fum, fenex, Plaut. Adverf rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Virg.

Hæc omnia perinde funt, ut aguntur, Cic. But when ufed ironically, they have the subjunctive; as, Quafi de verbo, non de re laboretur, Cic.

5. UTINAM, O SI, UT for utinam, I wish, take the fubjunctive; as, Utinam ea res ei voluptati fit, Cic. O mihi prætcritos referat fi Jupiter annos, Virg. Ut illum dii deæque perdant, Ter.

6. UT, when or after, takes the indicative; as, Ut difceffit, venit, &c. Alfo for quam, or quomodo, how! as, Ut valet! Ut falsus animi eft! Ut fæpe fumma ingenia in occulto latent! Plaut. ¶ Or when it fimply denotes refemblance; as, Ut tute es, ita omnes cenfes effe, Plaut. In this fenfe it sometimes has the subjunctive ; as, Ut fementem feceris, ita metes, Cic.

7. QUIN, for CUR NON, takes the Indicative; as, Quin continetis vocem indicem ftultitiæ veftræ, Cic. For Iмo, nay or but, the Indicative or Imperative; as, Quin est paratum argentum, quin tu hoc audi, Ter. For UT NON, QUI, QUÆ, QUOD NON, OF QUO MINUS, the Subjunctive; as, Nulla tam facilis res, quin difficilis fiet, quum invitus facias, Ter. Nemo eft, quin malit; Facere non poffum, quin ad te mittam, I cannot help fending; Nihil abeft, quin Lim miferrimus, Cic.

The GOVERNMENT of ADVERBS.

XL. Some Adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern the genitive; as,

Pridie ejus diei,
Ubique gentium,

Satis eft verborum,

The day before that day.
Every where.

There is enough of words.

1. Adverbs of time governing the genit. are, Interea, postea, inde, tunc; as, Interea loci, in the mean time; Poftea loci, afterwards; inde loci, then; tunc temporis, at that time. 2. Of place, Ubi and quo, with their compounds, ubique, ubicunque, ubivis, ubiubi, &c. Alfo, Eo, huc, huccine, unde, ufquam, nufquam, longe, ibidem; as, Ubi, quo, quovis, &c. alfe, ufquam, nufquam, unde terrarum, vel gentium; longe gentium; ibidem loci; eo audaciæ, vecordiæ, miferiarum, &c. to that pitch of boldness, madness, mifery, &c. 2. Of quantity, Abunde, affătim, largiter, nimis, fatis, parum, minimè; as, Abundè gloriæ, affătim divitiarum, largiter auri, satis loquentiæ, fapientiæ parum eft illi vel habet. He has enough of glory, riches, &c. Minimè gentium, by

no means.

Some add ergo and inftar; as, Ergo virtutis, for the fake of virtue, Cic. Inftar montis, like a mountain, Virg. But these are properly

nouns.

Obf. 1. These adverbs are thought to govern the genitive, because they imply in themselves the force of a substantive; as, Po*tentiæ gloriæque abundè adeptus, the fame with abundantiam gloriæ ; or res,