8. Succedo, fuccumbo, sufficio, suffragor, subcresco, fuboleo, fubjaceo, fubrepo.

9. Supervenio, fupercurro, supersto.

IV. Verbs govern the dative, which fignify,

1. To profit or hurt; as,

Proficio, profum, placeo, commodo, profpicio, cavco, metuo, timeo, confulo for profpicio. Likewife, Noceo, officio, incommodo, difpliceo, infidior.

2. To favour or affift, and the contrary; as,

Faveo, gratulor, gratificor, grator, ignofco, indulgeo, parco, adulor, plaudo, blandior, lenocinor, palpor, affentor, fubparafitor. Likewife, Auxilior, adminiculor, fubvenio, fuccurro, patrocinor, medeor, medicor, opitulor. Likewife, Derogo, detraho, invideo, æmulor.

3. To command and obey, to ferve and refift; as,

Impero, præcipio, mando, moderor, for modum adhibeo. Like wife, Pareo, aufculto, obedio, obfequor, obtempero, morem gero, morigeror, obfecundo. Likewife, Famulor, fervio, infervio, miniftro, ancillor. Likewise, Repugno, obsto, reluctor, renitor, resisto, refragor, adverfor.

4. To threaten and to be angry; as,

Minor, comminor, interminor, irafcor, fuccenfeo. 5. To truft; as, Fido, confido, credo, diffido.

To these add Nubo, excello, hærco, fupplico, cedo, defpero, operor, præftōlor, prevaricor, recipio, to promife; renuncio; refpondeo, to anfiber or fatisfy; tempero, ftudeo, vaco, to apply; convicior.

Exc. Jubeo, juvo, lado, and offendo, govern the accufative.

Obf. 1. Verbs governing the dative only are either neuter verbs, or of a neuter fignification. Active verbs governing the dative have alfo an accufative expreffed or understood.

Obf. 2. Moft verbs governing the dative only, have been enume rated, because there are a great many verbs compounded with prepofitions, which do not govern the dative, but are otherwife conftrued; and still more fignifying advantage or disadvantage, &c. which govern the accufative; as, Levo, erigo, alo, nutrio, amo, diligo, vexo, crucio, averfor, &c. aliquem, not alicui.

Obf. 3. Many of these verbs are variously construed; particularly fuch as are compounded with a prepofition; as,

Anteire, antecedere, antecellere, præcedere, præcurrere, præire, &c. alicui, or aliquem, to go before, to excel.

Acquiefcere, rei, re, v. in re. Adequitare, portæ ; Syracusas.
Adjacere, mari, v. mare, to lie near.

Adnare navibus, naves, ad naves, to swim to.

Adverfari ei, rarely eum, to oppose.

Advolvi genibus, genua, ad genua, to fall at one's knees.

Advolare ei, ad eum ; roftra.

Adflare rei v. homini; rem v. hominem; aliquid alicui, to breathe upon.

Adulari ei, v. eum. Allabi oris; aures ejus, Virg. ad exta, Liv. Apparere confuli, to attend; ad folium Jovis; Res apparet mihi, appears.

Appropinquare Britanniæ, portam, ad portam, to approach.

Dominari cunctis oris, Virg. in cætera animalia, to rule over, Ovid.
Congruere alicui, cum re aliqua, inter se, to agree.
Fidere, confidere alicui rei, aliqua re, in re.
Ignofcere mihi, culpæ meæ, mihi culpam.

Impendere alicui, aliquem, in aliquem, to bang over.
Inceffit cura, cupido, timor ei, eum, v. in eum, seized.

Incumbere toro; gladium, in gladium, to fall upon; labori, ad laudem, ad studia, in studium, curam, cogitationem, &c. to apply to. Indulgere alicui, id ei; nimio veftitu, Ter.

Inhiare auro, bona ejus, to gape after. Innafci agris, in agris, to grow

in.

Inniti rei, re, in re; in aliquem, to depend on.

Infultare rei & homini, v. hominem; fores; patientiam ejus, in miferiam ejus; bonos, to infult over.

Latet res mihi, v. me, is unknown to me. Mederi ei; cupiditates, to

cure.

Miniftrare ei, to ferve; arma, to furnisb.

Moderari animo, gentibus; navim, omnia, to rule.

Nocere ei, rarely eum, Plaut.

Nubere alicui; in familiam: nupta ei & cum eo, Cic.

Obrepere ei & eum, to creep upon; in animos; ad honores.

Obftrepere auribus & aures. Obtrectare ei, laudibus, ejus, to detract from.

Obumbrat fibi vinea; folem nubes, fades. Palpari alicui & aliquem.

Pafcifci alicui, cum aliquo; vitam ab eo, Sall. vitam pro laude, Virg.

Præftolari alicui & aliquem.

Procumbere terræ; genibus ejus, Ovid. ad genua, Liv. ad pedes, to fall.

To thefe may be added verbs, which, chiefly among the poets, govern the dative, but in profe are usually conftrued with a prepofition; as, 1. Contendo, certo, bello, pugno, concurro, coeo, alicui, for cum aliquo; 2. Distare, dissentire, discrepare, diffidere, differre rei alicui, for a re aliqua. We alfo fay, Contendunt, pugnant, dif tant, & inter fe; and contendere, pugnare contra & adverfus aliquem.

N

Obf. 4. Many verbs vary both their fignification and construc tion; as, Timeo, metuo, formido, borreo tibi, & pro te, I am afraid for you, or for your fafety; but timeo, borreo te, v. a te, I fear or dread you as an enemy: So Confulo, profpicio, caveo tibi, I confult or provide for your fafety; but confulo te, I ask your advice; profpicio boc, I forefee this: Studere aliquid, to defire; alicui, to favour; alicui rei, rem, & in re, to apply to a thing. So, Æmulor tibi, I envy; te, I imitate; Aufculto tibi, I obey or listen to; te, I hear; Cupio tibi, I favour; vem, I defire; Fanero, or tibi, I lend you on interest; abs te, I borrow; Metuifti, ne non tibi iftuc fœneraret, fhould not return with intereft, or bring ufury, Ter. And thus many other verbs, which will be af"terwards explained.

1. Obf. 5. Verbs fignifying Motion or Tendency to a thing are conftrued with the prep. ad; as,

Eo, vado, curro, propero, feftino, pergo, fugio, tendo, vergo, inclino, c. ad locum, rem, v. hominem. Sometimes however in the poets they are conftrued with the dative; as, It clamor cœlo, for ad cœlum, Virg.

3. Verbs governing the Accufative.

XVIII. A Verb fignifying actively governs the accufative; as,

Ama Deum, Love God. Reverere parentes, Reverence your parents. Obf. 1. Neuter verbs alfo govern the accufative, when the nour after them has a fignification fimilar to their own; as, Ire iter or viam; Pugnare pugnam or prælium: Currere curfum ; Canere cantilenam; Vivere vitam; Ludere ludum; Sequi fectam; Somniare fomnium, &c. or when they are taken in a metaphorical fense; as, Corydon ardebat Alexin, feil. propter, i. e. vehementer amabat, Virg. Currimus æquor, fcil, per, Id. So, Comptos arit adulteri crines, Hor. Saltare Cyclopa; olet hircum; Sulcos et vineta crepat mera, Hor. Vox hominem fonat; Sudare mella, Virg. Si Xerxes Hellefponto juncto, et Athone perfoffo, maria ambulaviffet, terramque navigaffet, fc. per, Cic. Or when they have a kind of active sense; as, Clamare aliquem nomine, Virg. Callere jura; Mærere mortem; Horret iratum mare, Hor.

Sometimes instead of the accufative neuter verbs have an ablative; as, Ire itinere; dolere dolore, vicem ejus; gaudere gaudio; mori v. obire morte; vivere vitâ; Ludere aleam, v. â manare, pluere, rorare, stillare, sudare, aliquid vel aliquo. Erubefcere jura, Virg. origine, Tacit. equo vehi, Curt.

Obf. 2. Several verbs are ufed both in an active and neuter fense; as, Abhorrere famam, to dread infa a meis moribus abhorret, is inmy, Liv. a litibus; ab uxore confiftent with, Cic. ducenda, to be averse from: Id. Abolere monumenta viri,to abol

if, Virg. lis Cladis Caudina nondum memoria aboleverat, Liv.

Adolere penates; to burn, Virg. Ætas adolevit; adolevit ad ætatem, Plaut.

Declinare ictum, to avoid; loco;

agmen aliquo, to remove. Degenerare animos, to weaken ; patri; a virtute majorum, to degenerate.

Durare adolefcentes labore, to harden; Res durat ad breve tempus; In ædibus durare nequeo, Plaut.

Inclinare culpam in aliquem, tolay; Hos ut fequar inclinat animus, inclines; acies inclinat, v. inclinatur, gives way.

Laborare arma, to forge; morbo,
a dolore, e renibus, to be ill; de
re aliqua, to be concerned.
Morari iter, to flop; in urbe, to
fay; Hoc nihil moror, I do not

mind.

Properare pecuniam hæredi, Hor. in urbem; ad unam fedem, Ovid.

Quadrare acervum, to Square, Hor. aliquid ad normam; alicui, in aliquem, ad multa, to fit. Suppeditare copiam dicendi, to furnish; fuppeditat ei oratio, is afforded; Manubiæ in fundamenta vix fuppeditârunt, were fufficient, Liv.

Obf. 3. These accufatives, hoc, id, quid, aliquid, quicquid, nihil, idem, illud, tantum, quantum, multa, pauca, &c. are often joined with neuter verbs, having the prepofitions circa or propter under. ftood; as, Id lacrumat, Id fuccenfet, Ter.

Obf. 4. The accufative is often understood. Tum prora avertit, fc. fe. Virg. Flumina præcipitant, fc. fe, Id. Obiit, fc. mortem, Ter. Cum faciam vitulâ, se. sacra, Virg. Or its place fupplied by an infinitive or part of a fentence; as, Reddes dulce loqui, reddes ridere decorum; for dulcem fermonem, decorum rifum, Hor.

XIX. Recordor, memini, reminifcor, and oblivifcor, govern the accufative or genitive; as,

Recordor lectionis or lectionem,
Oblivifcor injuriæ or injuriam, •

I remember the leffon.
I forget an injury.

Obf. 1. Thefe verbs are often conftrued with the infinitive or fome part of a fentence; as, Memini videre virginem, Ter. Oblitus eft, quid paulo ante pofuiffet, Cic.

Obf. 2. Memini, when it fignifies to make mention, is joined with the genitive, or the ablative with the prepofition de; as, Memini alicujus, v. de aliquo. So recordor, when it fignifies to recollect; as, Velim feire ecquid de te recordere, Cic.

4. Verbs governing the Ablative.

XX. Verbs of plenty and scarcenefs for the moft part govern the ablative; as,

Verbs of plenty are, Abundo, affluo, exubero, redundo, fuppedis to, scateo, &c.; of want, Carco, egeo, indĭgeo, vaco, deficior, destituor, &c.

Obf. 1. Egeo and indigeo frequently govern the genitive; as, Eget æris, Hor. Non tam artis indigent, quam laboris, Cic.

Obf. 2. The ablative after thefe verbs is governed by fome preposition understood; and sometimes we find it expreffed; as, Vacat a culpa, Liv.

XXI. Utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, vefcor, govern the ablative; as,

Utitur fraude, He ufes deceit. Abutitur libris, He abuses books.

To these add, gaudeo, creor, nafcor, fido, victito, confto, laboro, for male me habeo, to be ill; pafcor, epulor, nitor, &c.

Obf. 1. Potior often governs the genitive; as, Potiri urbis, Sal. And we always fay, Potiri rerum, to poffefs the chief command; never rebus, imperio being understood.

Obf. 2. Potior, fungor, vefcor, epulor, and pafcor, fometimes have an accufative; as, Potiri urbem, Cic. Munera fungi, Tacit. Pafcuntur filvas, Virg. And in ancient writers utor, abutor, and fruor; as, Uti confilium, Plaut. Operam abutitur, Ter. Depafco and depafcor always take an accufative; as, Depascitur artus, Virg.

2. VERBS GOVERNING TWO CASES.

1. Verbs governing two Datives.

XXII. Sum taken for affero (to bring) governs two das tives, the one of a perfon, and the other of a thing; as,

Eft mibi voluptati,

It is, or brings a pleasure to me.

Two datives are alfo put after habeo, do, verto, relinquo, tribuo, fore, duco, and fome others; as,

Ducitur bonori tibi, It is reckoned an honor to you. Id vertitur mihi vitio, I am blamed for that. So, Mifit mihi muneri; Dedit mihi dono; Habet fibi laudi; Venire, occurrere auxilio alicui, Liv.

Obf. 1. Instead of the dative, we often ufe the nominative, or the accufative; as, Eft exitium pecori, for exitio; Dare aliquid alicui donum, or dono; Dare nuptum, or nuptui. When dare and other active verbs have two datives after them, they likewife govern an accufative either expreffed or understood; as, Dare crimini ei fc. id. Obf. 2. The dative of the perfon is often to be fupplied; as, Eft exemplo, indicio, præfidio, ufui, &c. feil. mihi, alicui, hominibus, or fome fuch word. So, ponere, opponere, pignori, fc. alicui, to pledge