Obf. 1. The dative is properly not governed by adjectives, nor by any other part of fpeech; but put after them, to express the object to which their fignification refers.

The particle to in English is often to be supplied; as, Similis patri Like his father, to being understood.

Obf. 2. Substantives have likewise sometimes a dative after them; as, Ille eft pater, dux, vel filius mihi, He is father, leader, or fon to me: fo, Præfidium reis, decus amicis, &c. Hor. Exitium pecori, Virg. Virts tibus hoftis, Cic.

Obf. 3. The following adjectives have fometimes the dative after them, and fometimes the genitive; Affinis, fimilis, communis, par, pro prius, finitimus, fidus, conterminus, fuperftes, confcius, æqualis, contrarius, and adverfus: as, Similis tibi, or tui; Superftes patri or patris; Confcius facinori or facinoris. Confcius and fome others frequently govern both the genitive and dative; as, Mens fibi confcia recti. We say, Similes, diffimiles, pares, difpares, æquales, communes, inter fe: Par & communis cum aliquo. Civitas fecum ipfa difcors; difcordes ad alia. Liv.

Obf. 4. Adjectives fignifying usefulness or fitnefs, and the contrary, have after them the dative or the accufative with a prepofition; as,

Utilis, inutilis, aptus, ineptus, accommodatus, idoneus, babilis, inbabilis, op portunus, conveniens, &c. alicui rei, or ad aliquid. Many other adjectives governing the dat. are likewise construed with prepofitions; as, Attentus quafitis, Hor. Attentus ad rem, Ter.

Obf. 5. Of adjectives which denote friendship or hatred, or any other affection of the mind towards any one. 1. Some are ufually conftrued with the dative only; as, Affabilis, arrogans, afper, carus, difficilis, fidelis, invifus, iratus, offenfus, fufpectus, ALICUI. II. Some with the prepofition IN and the accufative; as, Acerbus, animatus, beneficus, gratiofus, injuriofus, liberalis, mendax, mifericors, officiofus, pius, impius, prolixus, feverus, fordidus, torvus, vebemens, IN ALIQUEM.

III. Some either with the dative, or with the accuf, and the prepofition IN, ERGA, or ADVERSUS going before; as, Contumax, criminofus, durus, exitiabilis, gravis, bofpitalis, implacabilis, (and perhaps also inexorabilis & intolerabilis,) iniquus, fævus, ALICUI or in ALIQUEM. Benevolus, benignus, moleftus, ALICUI, or ERGA ALIQUEM. Mitis, comis, IN, or ERGA ALIQUEM, and ALICUI. Pervicax ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. Crudelis IN ALIQUEM, seldom ALICUI. Amicus, amulus, infenfus, infeftus, ALICUI, seldom IN ALIQUEM. Gratus ALICUI, or IN, ERGA, ADVERSUS ALIQUEM. We fay alienus ali oui or alicujus; but oftener ab aliquo, and sometimes aliquo without the prepofition.

AUDIENS is conftrued with two datives; as, Regi dicto audiens erat, he was obedient to the king; not regis; Dicto audiens fuit jussis magiftratuum, Nep. Nobis dicto audientes funt, not dictis, Cic.

Obf. 6. Adjectives fignifying motion or tendency to a thing, have usually after them the accusative with the preposition ad or in, feldom the dative; as,

Pronus, propenfus, proclivis,celer, tardus, piger, Fc, ad iram, or in iram,

Obf. 7. Propior and proximus, in imitation of their primitive prope, often govern the accufative; as, Propior montem, fcil. ad. Sall. Proximus finem, Liv.

Obf. 8. IDEM fometimes has the dative, chiefly in the poets; as, Invitum qui fervat, idem facit occidenti, Hor. Jupiter omnibus idem, Virg. Eadem illis cenfemus, Cic. But in profe we commonly find, idem qui, et, ac, atque; and also ut, cum; as, Peripatetici quondam iidem erant qui Academici, Cic. Eft animus erga te, idem ac fuit, Ter. Dianam & Lunam eandem effe putant, Cic. Idem faciunt, ut, &c. In eodem loco mecum, Cic. But it would be improper to say of the fame perfon or thing under different names, idem cum; as, Luna eadem ef eum Diana.

We likewise say, alius ac, atque or et; and fo fometimes fimilis & par.

3. Adjectives governing the Ablative.

XIII. Thefe adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, preditus, captus, and fretus; allo natus, fatus, ortus, editus, and the like, govern the ablative; as,

Dignus bonore, Worthy of honor. Captus oculis, Blind. [ftrength. Contentus parvo, Content with little. Fretus viribus, Trusting to his Præditus virtute, Endued with virtue, Ortus regibus, Defcended of kings.

So generatus, creatus, cretus, prognatus, oriundus, procreatus, regibus.

Obf. 1. The ablative after thefe adjectives is governed by fome prepofition understood: as, Contentus parvo, scil. cum; Fretus viribus, fcil. in, &c. Sometimes the prepofiton is expreffed; as, Ortus ex concu bina, Salluft. Editus de nympha, Ovid.

Obl. 2. Dignus, indignus, and contentus, have sometimes the genitive after them; as, dignus avorum, Virg. So Madte efto, or macti eftote vir tutis or virtute, Increafe in virtue, or Go on and profper; Juberem macte virtute effe, Liv. In the last example matte seems to be used adverbially.

4. Adjectives governing the Genitive or Ablative.

XIV. Adjectives of plenty or want govern the genitive of ablative; as,

Plenus iræ or irâ, Full of anger. Inops rationis or ratione, Void of reafon.

So Non inopes temporis, fed prodigi fumus, Sen. Lentulus nõn verbis inops, Cic. Dei plena funt omnia, Cic. Maxima quæque domus fervis eft plena fuperbis, Juv. Res eft foliciti plena timoris amor, Ovid. Amor & melle & felle eft fœcundiffimus, Plaut. Fœcunda virorum paupertas fugitur, Lucan. Omnium confiliorum ejus particeps, Curt. Homo ratione particeps, Cic. Nihil infidijs vacuum, Id. Vacuas gadis habete manus, Ovid

Some of thefe adjectives are construed, 1. with the genitive only; as, Benignus, exfors, impos, impotens, irritus, liberalis, munificus, prælargus.

2. With the ablative only: Beatus, differtus, frugifer, mutilus, tentus, diftentus, tumidus, turgidus.

3. With the genitive more frequently: Compos, confors, egenus, exhæres, expers, fertilis, indigus, parcus, pauper, prodigus, fterilis. 4. With the ablative more frequently: Abundans, caffus, extorris, fœtus, frequens, gravis, gravidus, jejunus, liber, locuples, nudus, oneratus, onustus, orbus, pollens, folutus, truncus, viduus, and cap

tus.

5. With both promifcuoufly: Copiofus, dives, fœcundus, ferax, immunis, inanis, inops, largus, modicus, immodicus, nimius, opulentus, plenus, potens, refertus, fatur, vacuus, uber,

6. With a prepofition; as, Copiofus, firmus, paratus, imparatus, inops, inftructus, à re aliqua; for quod ad rem aliquam attinet, in, or with respect to any thing. Extorris ab folo patrio, banished; Orba ab optimatibus concio, Liv. So pauper, tenuis, fœcundus, modicus, parcus in re aliqua. Immunis, inanis, liber, nudus, folutus, vacuus a re aliqua. Potens ad rem, & in re.

GOVERNMENT OF VERBS.

VERBS GOVERNING ONLY ONE CASE.

1. Verbs which govern the Genitive.

XV. Sum, when it fignifies poffeffion, property, or duty, governs the genitive; as,

Eft regis, It belongs to the king, It is the part or property of a king. So Infipientis eft dicere, non putâram, It is the part or property of a fool, &c. Militum eft fuo duci parere, It is the part or duty of foldiers, &c. Laudare fe vani; vituperare ftulti eft. Sen. Hominis eft errare; Arrogantis eft negligere, quid de fe quifque fentiat, Cic. Pecus eft Melibai, Virg. Hæc funt hominis; Tar. Pauperis eft numerare pecus, Ovid. Temeritas eft florentis ætatis, prudentia fenectutis, Cic.

Meum, tuum, fuum, noftrum, veftrum, are except ed; as,

Tuum eft, It is your duty; Scio tuum effe, I know that it is your duty.

Obf. 1. Thefe poffeffive pronouns are ufed in the neuter gender instead of their fubftantives, mei, tui, fui, noftri, veftri. Other poffeffives are also conftrued in this manner; as, EA regium, eft bumanum, the fame with eft regis, eft hominis.

Obf. 2. Here some fubftantive must be underfood; as, officium, munus, res, negotium, opus, &c. which are fometimes expreffed; as, Munus eft principum; Tuum eft hoc munus, Cic. Neutiquam officium liberi effe hominis pato, Ter. In fome cafes the preceding fubftantive may be repeated; as, Hic liber eft (liber) fratris. In like manner, fome substantive must be supplied in fuch expreffions as thefe; Ea funt modo gloriofa, neque patrandi belli, feil. caufâ or facta, Sall. Nihil tam æquandæ libertatis eft, for ad æquandam libertatem pertinet, Liv.

Obf. 3. We fay, Hoc eft tuum munus, or tui muneris: So mos eft veľ fuit, or moris, or in more, Cic.

XVI. Mifereor, miferefco, and fatago, govern the geni tive; as,

Miferere civium tuorum,
Satagit rerum fuarum,

Pity your countrymen.

He is fufficiently employed about his own affairs.

Obf. 1. Several other verbs among the poets govern the genitive by a Greek conftruction, particularly fuch as fignify fome affection of the mind; as, Ango, decipior, defipio, difcrucior, excrucio, fallo & fallor, fastidio, invideo, lætor, miror, pendeo, studeo, vereor ; as, Ne angas te animi, Plaut. Laborum decipitur, Hor. Difcrucior animi, Ter. Pendet mihi animus, pendeo animi, vel animo: but we always fay, Pendemus animis, not animorum, are in fufpenfe. Cic. Juf titiæ prius mirer, Virg. In like manner, Abftineo, defino, defisto, quiefco, regno: likewife, adipifcor, condico, credo, fruftror, furo, laudo, libero, levo, participo, prohibeo: as, Abftineto irarum; Define querelarum; Regnavit populorum, Hor. Defiftere pugnæ, Virg. Quarum rerum condixit, Liv.

But all thefe verbs are for the most part differently conftrued; thus, Angor, defipio, difcrucior, fallor, animo. Hoc animum meum excruciat. Faftidio, miror, vereor, aliquem, vel aliquid. Lætor ali quâ re. Some of them are joined with the infinitive; or with quod, ut, ne, and the fubjunctive.

In like manner we ufually fay, Defino aliquid, & ab aliquo, give over; Defifto incepto, de negotio, ab illa mente; Quiefco a la bore; Regnare in equitibus, oppidis, fe in, Cic. Per urbes, Virg. Adipifci id; Fruftrari in re; Furere de aliquo, Cic.

Obf. 2. The genitive after verbs, in the fame manner as after adjectives, is governed by some substantive understood. This fubftantive is different according to the different meaning of the verbs; thus, Misercor fratris, fcil causâ; Angor animi, fcil. dolore, or anxietate.

2. VERBS governing the Dative.

XVII. Any verb may govern the dative in Latin, which has the fign TO or FOR after it in English; as,

Finis venit imperio,
Animus redit hoftibus,
Tibi feris, tibi metis,

An end is come to the empire, Liv.
Courage returns to the enemy, Id.
You fow for yourself, you reap for
yourself, Plaut.

So, Non nobis folum nati fumus, Cic. Multa male eveniunt boSol lucet etiam fceleratis, Sen. Hæret lateri lethalis arun

nis, Id. do, Virg.

But as the dative after verbs in Latin is not always rendered in English by to or for; nor are these particles always the fign of the dative in Latin, it will be neceffary to be more particular.

I. Sum, and its compounds, govern the dative, (except poffum ;) as,

Præfuit exercitui,
Adfuit precibus,

He commanded the army.
He was prefent at prayers.

TEST taken for Habeo, to have, governs the dative of a person: as,

This is more frequently used than habeo librum; babeo libros. In like manner defum instead of careo; as, Liber deeft mihi, I want a book; Libri defunt mihi; Scio libros deeffe mibi, &c.

II. Verbs compounded with SATIS, BENE, and MALE, govern the dative; as,

Satisfacio, fatifdo, benefacio, benedico, benèvolo, malefacio, maledico tibi, &c.

III. Many Verbs compounded with these nine prepofitions, AD, ANTE, CON, IN, INTER, OB, PRÆ, SUB, and suPER, govern the dative; as,

I. Accedo, accrefco, accumbo, acquiefco, adno, adnato, adequito, adhæreo, adfto, adftipulor, advolvor, affulgeo, allabor, allaboro, annuo, appareo, applaudo, appropinquo, arrideo, aspiro, affentior, affideo, affifto, affuefco, affurgo.

2. Antecello, anteeo, antesto, anteverto.

3. Colludo, concino, confono, convivo.

4. Incumbo, indormio, inhio, ingemifco, inhæreo, infideo, infto, infifto, infudo, infulto, invigilo, illacrymo, illudo, imminco, immorior, immoror, impendeo.

5. Intervenio, intermico, intercedo, intercido, interjaceo.

6. Obrepo, obluctor, obtrecto, obftrepo, obmurmuro, occumbo, occurro, occurfo, obfto, obfisto, obvenio.

7. Præcedo, præcurro, præco, præfideo, præluceo, præniteo, præs fo, prævaleo, præverto.