Obf. 1. The ablative here is not properly governed by the fore going fubftantive, but by fome prepofition understood; as, cum, de, ex, in, &c. Thus, Vir fummâ prudentiâ, is the same with vir cum fumma prudentia.

Qbf. 2. In fome phrases the genitive is only used; as, Magni formica laboris, The laborious ant : Vir imi fubfellii, homo minimi pretii, a perfon of the lowest rank. Non multi cibi hofpitem accipies, fed multi joci, Cic. Ager trium jugerum. In others only the ablative; as, Es bono animo, Be of good courage. Mira fum alacritate ad litigandum, Cic. Capite aperto eft, His head is bare; obvoluto, covered. Capite et fupercilio femper eft rafis, Id. Mulier magno natu, Liv. Sometimes both are used in the fame fentence; as, Adolefcens eximiâ fpe, fummæ virtutis, Cic. The ablative more frequently occurs in profe than the genitive.

Obf. 3. Sometimes the adjective agrees in cafe with the former fubftantive, and then the latter fubftantive is put in the ablative: thus, we fay either, Vir præftantis ingenii, or præftanti ingenio; or Vir praftans ingenio, and fometimes præftans ingenii. Among the poets the latter fubftantive is frequently put in the accufative by a Greek conftruction, fecundum, or quod ad being understood by the figure commonly called Synecdoche; as, Miles fractus membra, i e. fractus fecundum, or quod ad membra, or habens membra fracta. Os humerofque deo fimilis. Virg.

Adjectives taken as Subftantives.

VIII. An Adjective in the neuter gender without a fubftantive governs the genitive; as,

Multum pecuniæ, Much money. Quid rei eft? What is the matter?

Obf. 1. This manner of expreffion is more elegant than Multa pecunia, and therefore is much used by the best writers; as, Plus eloquentiæ, minus fapientiæ, tantum fidei, id negotii; Quicquid erat patrum, reos diceres, Liv.

Obf. 2. The adjectives which thus govern the genitive like subftantives, generally fignify quantity; as, multum, plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, minus, minimum, &c. To which add, hoc, illud, istud, id, quid, aliquid, quidvis, quiddam, &c. Plus and quid almost always govern the genitive, and therefore by fome are thought to be fubftantives.

Obf. 3. Nibil, and these neuter pronouns, quid, aliquid, &c. elegantly govern neuter adjectives of the first and fecond declenfion in the genitive; as, nihil finceri, no fincerity; but feldom govern in this manner adjectives of the third declenfion, particularly those which end in is and e; as, Nequid hoflile timerent, not hoftilis: We find however quicquid civilis, Liv. 5. 3.

Obf. 4. Plural adjectives of the neuter gender also govern the genitive, commonly the genitive plural; as, Angufla viarum, Opace

locorum, Telluris operta, loca being understood. So Amara curarum, acuta belli, f. negotia, Horat. Au adjective indeed of any gender may have a genitive after it, with a fubftantive understood; as, Amicus Cæfaris, Patria Ulyffis, &c.

Opus and Ufus.

IX. Opus and Ufus, fignifying need, require the abla

tive; as,

Eft opus pecuniâ, There is need of money; Ufus viribus, Need of strength.

Obf. 1. Opus and ufus are fubftantive nouns, and do not govern the ablative of themselves, but by fome prepofition, as pro or the like, nnderstood. They fometimes alfo, although more rarely, govern the genitive; as, Lectionis opus eft, Quina. Operæ ufus eft, Liv.

Obf. 2. Opus is often conftrued like an indeclinable adjective; as, Dux nobis opus cft, We need a general, Cic. Dices nummos mihi opus effe. Id. Nobis exempla opus funt. Id.

Obf. 3. Opus is elegantly joined with the perfect participle; as, Opus maturato, Need of hafte; Opus confulto, Need of deliberation; Quid facto ufus eft? Ter. The participle has sometimes a substantive joined with it; as, Mihi opus fuit Hirtio convento, It behoved me to meet with Hirtius, Cic.

Obf. 4. Opus is fometimes joined with the infinitive, or the subjunctive with ut; as, Siquid forte fit, quod opus fit fciri, Cic. Nunc tibi opus eft, ægram ut te adfimules, Plaut. It is often placed abfolutely, i. e. without depending on any other word; as, fic opus est, fi opus fit, &.

II. GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES:

1. Adjectives governing the Genitive.

X. Verbal adjectives, or fuch as fignify an affection of the mind, govern the genitive; as,

Avidus gloriæ, Defirous of glory. Ignarus fraudis, Ignorant of fraud. Memor beneficiorum, Mindful of favors.

To this rule belong, I. Verbal adjectives in AX; as, capax, edax, ferax, tenax, pertinax, &c. and certain particip. ial adjectives in NS and TUS; as, amans, appetens, cupiens, insolens, fciens; confultus, docus, expertus, infuetus, infolitus, &c. II. Adjectives expreffing various affections of the mind; 1. Defire; as, avarus, cupidus, fludiofus, &c. 2. Knowledge, ignorance and doubting; as, callidus, certus,

certior, confcius, gnarus, perītus, prudens, &c. Ignarus, incertus, infcius, imprudens, imperitus, immemor, rudis; ambiguus, dubius, fufpenfus, &c. 3. Care and diligence, and the contrary; as, anxius, curiofus, folicit, providus, diligens; incuriofus, fecurus, negligens, &c. 4. Fear and confidence; as, formidolofus, pavidus, timidus, trepidus; impavidus, interritus, intrepidus. 5. Guilt and innocence; as, noxius, reus, fufpedus, compertus; innoxius, innocens, infons.

To thefe add many adjectives of various fignifications; as, æger animi; ardens, audax, averfus, diverfus, egregius, erectus, falfus, felix, feffus, furens, ingens, integer, lætus, præftans, animi; modicus voti; integer vitæ ; feri ftudiorum, Hor. But we fay æger pedibus, ardens in cupiditatibus, præftans doctrinâ, modicus cultu; Lætus negotio, de re, or propter rem, &c. and never æger pedum, &c. Obf. 1. Verbals in NS are ufed both as adjectives ond participles; thus, patiens algōris, able to bear cold; and patiens algorem, ac* tually bearing cold. So amans virtutis, and amans virtutem; doctus grammaticæ, skilled in grammar; doctus grammaticam, one who

has learned it.

Obf. 2. Many of thefe adjectives vary their conftruction, as, avidus in pecuniis, Cir. Avidior ad rem, Ter. Jure confultus & peritus, or juris, Cic. Rudis literarum, in jure civili, Cic. Rudis, arte, ad mala, Ovid. Doctus Latine, Latinis, literis, Cic. Affuetus labore, in omnia, Liv. Menfæ herili, Virg. Infuetus moribus Romanis, in the dut. Liv. Laboris, ad onera portanda, Caf. Defuetus bello,

triumphis in the dat, or abl. rather the dat. Virg. Anxius, follicitus, fecurus, de re aliqua; diligens in, ad, de, Cie. Negligens in aliquem, in or de re: Reus de vi, criminibus, Cic. Certior factus de re, rather than rei, Cic.

Obf. 3. The genitive after these adjectives is thought to be gov erned by caufa, in re, or in negotio, or fome fuch word understood; as, Cupidus laudis, i. e. caufa or in re laudis, defirous of praise, that is, on account of, or in the matter of praife. But many of the adjectives themselves may be fuppofed to contain in their own fignification the force of a fubftantive; thus, ftudiofus pecunia, fond of money, is the fame with habens ftudium pecuniæ, having a fondness for money.

XI. Partitives, and words placed partitively, comparatives, fuperlatives, interrogatives, and fome numerals, govern the genitive plural; as,

Aliquis philofophorum,
Senior fratrum,

Some one of the philofophers.
The elder of the brothers.

Doctiffimus Romanorum,

Quis noftrum?

Una mufarum,

Octavus fapientum,

The most learned of the Romans.
Which of us?

One of the mufes.

The eighth of the wife men.

Adjectives are called Partitives, or are faid to be placed partitively, when they fignify a part of any number of perfons or things, having after them, in English, of or among; as, alius, nullus, folus, &c. quis and qui, with their compounds alfo Comparatives, Superlatives, and fome Numerals; as, unus, duo, tres; primus, fecundus, &c. thefe add multi, pauci, plerique, medius.

Το

Obf. I. Partitives, &c. agree in gender with the substantive which they have after them in the genitive; but when there are two fubftantives of different genders, the partitive, &c. rather agrees with the former; as, Indus fluminum maximus, Cic. Rarely with the latter; as, Delphinus animalium velociffimum, Plin. The genitive here is governed by ex numero, or by the fame fubftantive understood in the fingular number; as, Nulla fororum, fcil. foror, or ex numero fororum.

Obf. 2. Partitives, &c. are often otherwife construed with the prepofitions de, e, ex, or in; as, Unus de fratribus; or by the poets, with ante or inter; as, Pulcherrimus ante omnes, for omnium, Virg. Primus inter omnes, Id.

Obf. 3. Partitives, &c. govern collective nouns in the genitive fingular, and are of the fame gender with the individuals of which the collective noun is compofed; as, Vir fortiffimus noftræ civitatis, Cic. Maximus ftirpis, Liv. Ultimos orbis, Hor.

Obf. 4. Comparatives are ufed, when we speak of two; Superlatives when we fpeak of more than two; as, Major fratrum, The elder of the brothers, meaning two; Maximus fratrum, The eldest of the brothers, meaning more than two. In like manner, uter, alter, neuter, are applied with regard to two; quis, unus, alius, nullus with regard to three or more; as, Uter veftrum, Whether or which of you two; Quis veftrum, Which of you three: but these are sometimes taken promifcuously the one for the other.

2. Adjectives governing the Dative.

XII. Adjectives fignifying profit or difprofit, likeness or unlikeness, &c. govern the dative; as,

Utilis bello,

Perniciofus reipublica,
Similis patri,

Profitable for war.

Hurtful to the commonwealth.
Like to his father,

Or thus, any adjective may govern the dative in Latin, which has the figns TO or FOR after it in English.

To this rule belong;

1. Adjectives of profit or difprofit; as, Benignus, bonus, commodus, felix, fructuofus, profper, faluber.- -Calamitofus, damnofus, dirus, exitiofus, funeftus, incommođus, malus, noxius, perniciofus, peftifer.

2. Of pleasure or pain; as, Acceptus, dulcis, gratus, gratiosas, jucundus, lætus, fuavis.Acerbus, amarus, insuavis, injucundus, ingratus, moleftus, tristis.

3. Of friendship or hatred; as, Addictus, æquus, amicus, benevolus, blandus, carus, deditus, fidus, fidelis, lenis, mitis, propitius.Adverfus, æmulus, afper, crudelis, contrarius, infenfus, infestus, infidus, immitis, inimicus, iniquus, invifus, invidus, iratus, odiofus, sufpectus, trux.

4. Of clearness or obfcurity; as, Apertus, certus, compertus, con. fpicuus, manifeftus, notus, perfpicuus. Ambiguus, dubius, ignotus, incertus, obfcurus.

5. Of nearness; as, Finitimus, propior, proximus, propinquus, focius, vicinus.

6. Of fitness or unfitness; as, Aptus, appofitus, accommodatus, habilis, idoneus, opportunus.Ineptus, inhabilis, importunus, inconveniens.

7. Of ease or difficulty; as, Facilis, levis, obvius, pervius.—Difficilis, arduus, gravis, laboriofus, periculofus, invius. To these add fuch as fignify propensity or readiness; as, Pronus, proclivis, propenfus, promptus, paratus.

8. Of equality or inequality; as, Æqualis, æquævus, par, compar, fuppar. Inæqualis, impar, difpar, difcors. Alfo of likeness or unlikeness, as, Similis, æmulus, geminus.Diffimilis, abfonus, alienus, diverfus, difcolor.

9. Several adj. compounded with CON; as, Cognatus, concolor, concors, confnis, congruus, confanguineus, confentaneus, confonus, conveniens, contiguus, continuus, continens. Contiguous; as, Mar aër continens eft, Cic.

To these add many other adjectives of various fignifications; as, Obnoxius, fubjectus, fupplex, credulus, abfurdus, decorus, deformis, præfto, fecundus, particularly,

Verbals in BILIS and DUS govern the dative; as,

Amandus vel amabilis omnibus, To be loved by all men.

So mors eft terribilis malis; Optabilis omnibus pax ; Adbibenda eft nobis diligentia, Cic. Semel omnibus calcanda eft via letbi, Hor. Alfo fome participles of the perfect tense; as, Bella matribus deteftata, hated by, Hor.

Verbals in Dus are often conftrued with the prep. a; as, Deus oft venerandus & colendus a nobis, Cic. Perfect participles are usually fo; as, Mors Craffi eft a multis defleta, rather than multis defieta, Cic. A te invitatus, rogatus, proditus, &c. Lardly ever tibis