rè̟ă, fi, ni, nifi, &c. Hence arofe the divifion of them into Prepofitive, Subjunctive, and Common. To the subjunctive may be added these three, que, ve, ne, which are always joined to fome other word, and are called Enclitics, because, when put after long fyllables, they make the accent incline to the foregoing fyllable; as in the following verse,

Indoctufque pilæ, discive, trochive, quiefcit. Horat.

But when these enclitic conjunctions come after a fhort vowel, they do not affect its pronunciation; thus,

Arbuteos fœtus montanăque fraga legebant. Ovid.

SENTENCES.

A SENTENCE is any thought of the mind expressed by two or more words put together; as, I read. The boy reads Virgil.

That part of grammar which teaches to put words rightly together in fentences, is called Syntax or Conftruc

tion.

Words in fentences have a twofold relation to one another; namely, that of Concord or Agreement; and that of Government or Influence.

Concord, is when one word agrees with another in fome accidents; as, in gender, number, person, or case.

Government, is when one word requires another to be put in a certain cafe, or mode.

General principles of SYNTAX.

1. In every fentence, there must be a verb and a nom, inative expreffed or understood.

2. Every adjective must have a substantive expreffed or understood.

3. All the cafes of Latin nouns, except the nominative and vocative, must be governed by fome other word.

4. The genitive is governed by a substantive noun expreffed or understood.

5. The dative is governed by adjectives and verbs. 6. The accufative is governed by an active verb, or by a prepofition; or is placed before the infinitive.

7. The vocative stands by itself, or has an interjection joined with it.

8. The ablative is governed by a prepofition expreffed or understood.

9. The infinitive is governed by fome verb or adjective. All Sentences are either SIMPLE OF COMPOUND.

Syntax therefore may be divided into two parts, according to the general divifion of fentences.

SIMPLE SENTENCES.

A Simple Sentence is that which has but one nominative; and one finite verb, that is, a verb in the indicative, fubjunctive, or imperative mode.

In a simple sentence, there is only one Subject and one Attribute. The SUBJECT is the word which marks the person or thing spoken of.

The ATTRIBUTE expreffes what we affirm concerning the fubject; as,

The boy reads his leffon: Here, "the boy," is the Subjea of difcourfe, or the person spoken of; "reads his lef fon," is the Attribute, or what we affirm concerning the fubject. The diligent boy reads his leffon carefully at home. Here we have ftill the fame fubject, "the boy," marked by the character of " diligent," added to it; and the fame attribute, “reads his leffon," with the circumstances of manner and place fubjoined, "carefully," " at home."

CONCORD.

The following words agree together in fentences, 1. A fubftantive with a substantive. 2. An adjective with a fubftantive. 3. A verb with a nominative.

1. Agreement of one Subftantive with another.

RULE I. Subftantives fignifying the fame thing, agree in cafe; as,

Cicero orator, Cicero the Orator; Cicerōnis oratōris, Of Cicero the Orator. Urbs Athène, The city Athens; Urbis Atbēnārum, Of the city Athens.

2. Agreement of an Adjective with a Subftantive.

2. An Adjective agrees with a Subftantive, in gender; mumber, and cafe; as,

Bonus vir, a good man;

Famina cafta, a chaste woman;
Dulce pomum, a fweet apple;

Boni viri, good men.

Famina cafta, chase women.
Dulcia poma, sweet apples.

And fo through all the cafes and degrees of comparison. This rule applies alfo to Adjective pronouns and Participles; as, Meus liber, my book; ager colendus, a field to be tilled.

Obf. 1. The fubftantive is frequently understood, or its place supplied by an infinitive; and then the adjective is put in the neuter gender; as, trifte, fc. negotium, a fad thing, Virg.; Tuum fcire, the fame with, tua fcientia, thy knowledge, Perf. We fometimes however find the fubftantive understood in the feminine; as, Non pofleriores fe ram, fup. partes, Ter.

Obf. 2. An adjective often fupplies the place of a fubftantive; as, Certus amicus, A fure friend: Bona ferina, Good venison: Summum bonum, The chief good: Homo being understood to amicus, caro to ferina, and negotium to

bonum.

Obf. 3. These adjectives, primus, medius, ultimus, extremus, infimus, imus, fummus, fupremus, reliquus, cætera, usually fignify the first part, the middle part, &c. of any thing; as, Media nox, the middle part of the night; Summa arbor, the highest part of a tree.

Obf. 4. Whether the adjective or fubftantive ought to be placed first in Latin, no certain rule can be given Only if the fubftantive be a monofyllable, and the adjective a polyfyllable, the fubftantive is elegantly put first; as, vir clariffimus, res præftantiffima, &c.

3. Agreement of a Verb with a Nominative.

3. A Verb agrees with the Nominative before it in number and perfon; as, Ego lego, I read; Nos legimus, We read. Tu fcribis, Thou writeft or you write; Vos fcribitis, Ye or you write. Præceptor docet, The mafter teaches; Præceptores docent, Masters teach. And fo through all the modes, tenfes, and numbers.

Obf. 1. Ego and nos are of the first person; tu and vos of the fecond perfon; ille and all other words, of the third. The nominative of the first and second person in Latin is seldom expressed, unless for the fake of emphasis or diftinction; as, Tu es patronus, tu pater, Ter. Tu legis, ego fcribo.

Obf. 2. An infinitive, or fome part of a sentence, often fupplies the place of a nominative; as, Mentiri eft turpe, to lie is bafe; Diu non perlitatum tenuit dictatorem; The facrifice not being attended

mihi effe beato, I may be happy; or, licet mihi effe beatum, me being understood; thus, licet mihi (me) esse beatum. The dative before effe is often to be fupplied; as, Licet effe beatum, One may be happy, fcil. alicui or homini.

Obf. 5. The poets ufe certain forms of expreffion, which are not to be imitated in profe; thus, Retulit Ajax Fovis elle pronepos, for Se effe pronepotem ; Ovid. Cum pateris fapiens emendatufque vocari, for te vocari fapientem, &c. Horat. Ep. 1. 16. Acceptum refero verfibus effe nocens; Ovid. Tu tumque putavit jam bonus effe focer; Lucan.

GOVERNMENT.

I. The GOVERNMENT of SUBSTANTIVES.

VI. One Subftantive governs another in the genitive, (when the latter Subftantive fignifies a different thing from the former :) as,

Amor Dei, The love of God; Lex natura, The law of nature. Domus Cæsaris, The house of Cæfar, or Cæfar's houfe.

Obf. 1. When one fubftantive is governed by another in the genitive, it expreffes in general the relation of property or poffeffion, and therefore is often elegantly turned into a poffeffive adjective; as Domus patris, or paterna, a father's houfe; Filius heri or herilis, a master's son: and among the poets, Labor Herculeus, for Herculis; Enfis Evandrius, for Evandri.

Obf. 2. When the substantive noun in the genitive fignifies a perfon, it may be taken either in an active or a paffive fenfe; thus, Amor Dei, The love of God, either means the love of God towards us, or our love towards him: So Caritas patris, fignifies either, The affection of a father to his children, or theirs to him. But often the fubftantive can only be taken either in an active or in a paffive fenfe; thus, Timor Dei, always implies Deus timetur; and Providentia Dei, Deus providet.

Obf. 3. Both the former and latter fubftantive are fometimes to be understood; as, Hectoris Andromache, fcil. uxor; Ventum eft ad vefla, fcil. adem or templum ; Ventum eft tria millia, fcil. paffuum, three miles.

Obf. 4. We find the dative often used after a verb for the genitive, particularly among the poets; as, Ei corpus porrigitur, His body is extended; Virg.

Obf. 5. Some fubftantives are joined with certain prepofitions; as, Amicitia, inimicitia, pax, cum aliquo; Amor in, vel erga, aliquem; Gaudium de re; Cura de aliquo; Mentio illius, vel de illo; Quies ab armis; Fumus ex incendiis, &c.

Obf. 6. The genitive in Latin is often rendered in English by feveral other particles befides of; as, Defcenfus Averni, the defcent to Avernus; Prudentia juris, skill in the law.

SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS are governed in the genitive like fubftantive nouns: as, pars mei, a part of me.

So alfo adjective pronouns when used as fubftantives, or having a noun understood; as, Liber ejus, illius, bujus, &c. The book of him, or his book, fc. hominis: The book of her, or her book, fc. fœminæ. Libri eorum, v. earum, Their books. Cujus liber, the book of whom, or whofe book; Quorum libri, whofe books, &c. But we always fay, meus liber, not mei; pater nofter, not noftri: fuum jus, not fui. '

When a paffive fenfe is expreffed, we use mei, tui, fui, noftri, veftri, noftrum, veftrum; but we use their poffeffives, when an active fenfe is expreffed; as, Amor mei, The love of me, that is, The love wherewith I am loved; amor meus, my love, that is, the love wherewith I love. We find however the poffeffives fometimes ufed paffively, and their primitives taken actively; as, Odium tuum, Hatred of thee, Ter. Labor mei, My labour, Plaut.

The poffeffives meus, tuus, fuus, nofter, vefter, have sometimes nouns, pronouns, and participles after them in the genitive; as, Pectus tuum hominis fimplicis, Cic. 2. Phil. Nofter duorum eventus, Liv. Tuum ipfius ftudium, Cic. Mea fcripta timentis, &c. Hor. Solius meum peccatum corrigi non poteft, Cic. Id maxime quemque decet, quod eft cujufque fuum maxime. Id.

The reciprocals SUI and SUUS are ufed, when the action of the verb is reflected, as it were, upon its nominative; as, Cato interfecit fe; Miles defendit fuam vitam; Dicit fe fcripturum effe. We find however is or ille fometimes ufed in examples of this kind; as, Deum agnofcimus ex operibus ejus, Cic. Perfuadent Rauracis, ut una cum iis proficifcantur, for una fecum. Caf

VII. If the latter Subftantive have an Adjective of praise or dispraise joined with it, they may be put in the genitive or ablative; as,

Vir fummæ prudentiæ, or fummâ prudentiâ, A man of great wisdom. Puer probe indolis, or probâ indole, A boy of a good difpofition.

M