moft numerous. Such as come from Adjectives of the first and fecond declenfion ufually end in E; as, liberè, freely; plenè, fally: Some in O, UM, and TER; as, falsò, tantum, graviter: A few in A, ITUS and IM; as, rectà, antiquĭtùs, privatim. Some are used two or three ways; as, primum, v. -ò; purè, -iter; certè, -ò; cautè, -tim; bumanè, -iter, -itus, publicè, publicitus, &c. Adverbs from Adjectives of the third declenfion commonly end in TER, seldom in E; as, turpiter, feliciter, acriter, pariter; facile, repente: one in O, omnīno. The neuter of Adjectives is sometimes taken Adverbially; as, recens natus, for recenter; perfidum ridens, for perfidè, Hor. multa reluctans, for, multum or valde, Virg. So in English we fay, to speak loud, bigb, &c. for loudly, bigbly, &c. In many cafes a Subftantive is understood; as, primò, fc. loco, optatò advenis, sc. tempore; bàc, sc. viâ, &c.

3. From each of the pronominal adjectives, ille, ifte, bic, is, idem, &c. are formed adverbs, which exprefs all the circumftances of place; as from ille, illic, illuc, illorfum, illinc, and illac. So from quis, ubi, quo, quorfum, unde, and quà. Alfo of time; thus, quando, quamdiu, and quoties.

4. From verbs and participles; as, cafim, with the edge; pun&tim, with the point; frictim, clofely; from cado, pungo, fringo: amanter, properanter, dubitanter; diftinctè, emendatè; meritò, inopinato, &c. But these last are thought to be in the ablative, having ex understood, which is alfo fometimes expreffed.

5. From prepositions; as, intus, intro, from in; clanculum, from clam; fubtus, from fub, &c.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are commonly, compared like their primitives. The pofitive generally ends in e, or ter; as, durè, facilè, acriter: The comparative, in ius; as, duriùs, faciliùs, acriùs: The fuperlative, in ime; as, durifsimè, facillimè, acerrimè.

If the comparison of the adjective be irregular or defective, the comparison of the adverb is so too; as, benè, meliùs, optimè; malè, pejus, peffimè; parùm, minùs, minimè, & um; multùm, plus, plurimùm; prope, propiùs, proximè; ocyùs, ocyffime; priùs, primo, -ùm; nuper, nuperrime; novè, & noviter, noviflimè; meritò, meritiffimo; &c. Thofe adverbs alfo are compared whofe primitives are obfolete; as, fæpè, fæpiùs, fæpiffimè; penitùs, penitiùs, penitiffimè; fatis, fatiùs; fecus,feciùs; &c. Magis, maxime; and potius, potiflimum, want the positive.

Adverbs are variously compounded of all the different parts of fpeech; thus, poftridie, magnopere, maximopere, fummopere, tantopere, multimodis, omnimodis, quomodo, quare; of poftero die; magno opere, &c. licet, fcilicet, videlicet, of ire, fcire, videre licet; illico, of in loco; quorfum, of quo verfum; comminus, hand to hand, of cum or con and manus; eminus, at a diftance, of e, and manus; quorfum, of quo verfum ; denuo aneze, of de novo; quin, why not, but, of qui ne; cur, of cui rei; pedetentim, fep by fiep, as it were pedem tendendo; perendie, for perempto die; nimirum, of ne, i e. non mi

rum; antea, poftea, præterea, &c. of ante and ea, &c. Ubivis, quovis, undelibet, quoufque, ficut, ficuti, velut, veluti, defuper, infuper, quamobrem, &c. of ubi, and vis, e. nudiuftertius, of nunc dies tertius; identidem, of idem et idem; impræfentiarum, i. e. in tempore rerum præfentium, &c.

Obf. 1. The Adverb is not an effential part of speech. It only ferves to exprefs fhortly, in one word, what muft otherwise have required two or more; as, sapienter, wisely, for cum fapientia; bic, for in boc loco; femper, for in omni tempore ; femel, for unâ vice; bis, for duabus vicibus; Mehercule, for Hercules me juvet, &c.

Obf. 2. Some adverbs of time, place, and order, are frequently ufed the one for the other: 3s, ubi, where or when; inde, from that place, from that time, after that, next; bactenus, hitherto, thus far, with respect to place, time, or order, &c.

Obf. 3. Some adverbs of time are either paff, prefent, or future; as jam, already, now, by and by; olim, long ago, fome time, hereafter. Some adverbs of place are equally various; thus, esse peregrè, to be abroad; ire peregrè, to go abroad; redire peregre, to return from

abroad.

Obf. 4. Interrogative adverbs of time and place doubled, or compounded with cunque, anfwer to the English adjection fo ever ; as, ubiubi, or ubicunque, wherefoever; quoquò, quòcunge, whithersoever, &c. The fame holds alfo in other interrogative words; as, quotquot, or quotcunque, how many foever; quantufquantus, or quantufcunque, how great foever; utut, or utcunque, however or howfoever, &c.

PREPOSITION.

A Prepofition is an indeclinable word which fhews the relation of one thing to another.

There are twenty-eight Prepofitions in Latin which govern the accufative; that is, have an accufative after

S Before, in the pre

Coram, fence of.

These tour govern fometimes the accufative, and fometimes the ablative :

In, In, into. Sub, Under. Super, Above. Subter, Beneath.

Obf. 1. Prepofitions are fo called, because they are generally placed before the word with which they are joined. Some, however, are put after; as, cum, when joined with me, te, fe, and fometimes with quo, qui, and quibus : thus, mecum, tecum, &c. Tenus is always placed after; as, mento tenus, up to the chin. So likewise are verfus and ufque; and ward, in English; as, toward, eastward, &c.

Obf. 2. Prepofitions, both in English and Latin, are often compounded with other parts of speech, particularly with verbs; as, fubire, to undergo. In English they are frequently put after verbs ; as, to go in, to go out, to look to, &c.

Prepofitions are alfo fometimes compounded together; as, Ex adverfus eum locum, Cic. Ex adverfum Athenas, C. Nep. In ante diem quartum Kalendarum Decembris diftulit, i. e. ufque in eum diem, Cic. Supplicatio indicta eft ex ante diem quintum Idus Octob. i. e. ab eo die, Liv. Ex ante pridie Idus Septembris, Plin. But prepofitions compounded together commonly become adverbs or conjunctions; as, propalam, protinus, infuper, &c.

Obf. 3. Prepofitions in compofition ufually retain their primitive fignification: as, adeo, to go to: præpono, to place before. But from this there are feveral exceptions. 1. IN joined with adjectives generally denotes privation; as, infidus, unfaithful: but when joined with verbs, increases their fignification; as, indūro, to harden greatly. In fome words in has two contrary fenfes; as, invocatus, called upon, or not called upon. So infrenatus, immutatus, infuetus, impenfus, inhumatus, intentatus, &c. 2. PER commonly increases the fignification; as, Percarus, perceler, percōmis, percuriofus, perdifficilis, perelegans, pergratus, pergrăvis, perhofpitālis, perilluftris. perlætus, &c. very dear, very swift, &c. 3. PRE fometimes increases; as, Præclarus, prædives, pradulcis, prædūrus, præpinguis, prævalidus; prævaleo, præpolleo : and alfo Ex; as, Exclāmo, exaggero, exaugeo, excalefacio, extenuo, exbilăro;

but Ex fometimes denotes privation; as, Exfanguis, bloodlefs, pale; excors, exanimis, -mo, &c. 4 SUB often diminishes; as, Subalbidus, fubabfurdus, fubamārus, fubdulcis, fubgrandis, fubgrăvis, fubniger, &c. a little white or whitish, &c. DE often fignifies downward; as, Decido, decurro, degrăvo, defpicio, delabor: sometimes increases; as, Deămo, demiror; and fometimes expreffes privation; as, Demens, decolor, deformis, &c.

Obf. 4. There are five or fix fyllables, namely, am, di, or dif, re, fe, con, which are commonly called Infeparable Prepofitions, because they are only to be found in compound words: however they generally add fomething to the fignification of the words with which they are compounded; thus,

fAmbio,
Divello,

to furround.
to pull afunder.

Distrǎho,

to draw afunder

as,

Re,

again.

Relĕgo,

to read again.

to lay afide.

Concrefco, to grow together.

INTERJECTION.

An Interjection is an indeclinable word thrown in between the parts of a fentence, to exprefs fome paffion or emotion of the mind.

Some Interjections are natural founds, and common to all languages; as, Ob ! Ab!

Interjections exprefs in one word a whole fentence, and thus fitly reprefent the quickness of the paffions.

The different paffions have commonly different words to express them; thus,

1. JOY; as, evax! hey, brave, io !

2. GRIEF; as, ab, bei, beu, ebeu ! ah, alas, woes me!

3. WONDER; as, papa! O strange? ab! hah!

4. PRAISE; as, euge! well done!

5. AVERSION; as, apage! away, begone, avaunt, off, fy, tufh! 6. EXCLAIMING; as, Ob, prob ! O!

7. SURPRISE or FEAR; as, atat i ha, aha!

8 IMPRECATION; as, væ! wo, pox on't!

9. LAUGHTER; as, ba, ha, be!

10. SILENCING; as, au, 'ft, pax! filence, hufh, 'At ! 11. CALLING; as, ebo, ehodum, io, bo! fo, ho, ho, O! 12. DERISION; as,

bui! away

with!

13. ATTENTION; as, bem! ha!

Some Interjections denote fever al different paffions: thus, Vab; is ufed to exprefs joy, and forrow, and wonder, &c.

Adjectives of the neuter gender are fometimes used for interjections; as, Malum! with a mischief! Infandum! O shame! fy, fy! Miserum, O wretched! Nefas! O the villany!

CONJUNCTION.

A Conjunction is an indeclinable word, which ferves to join fentences together.

Thus, You and I, and the boy, read Virgil, is one fentence, made up of these three, by the conjunction and twice employed; I read Virgil; You read Virgil; The boy reads Virgil. In like manner," You and I read Virgil, but the boy reads Ovid," is one sentence, made up of three, by the conjunctions and and but.

Conjunctions, according to their different meaning, are divided into the following claffes:

1. COPULATIVE; as, et, ac, atque, que, and; etiam, quoque, item, alfo; cum, tum, both, and. Alfo their contraries, nec, neque, neu, neve, neither, nor.

2. DISJUNCTIVE; as, aut, ve, vel, feu, five, either, or.

3. CONCESSIVE; as, etfi, etiamfi, tametfi, licet, quanquam, quamvis, though, although, albeit.

4. ADVERSATIVE; as, fed, verum, autem, at, af?, atqui, but; tamen, attămen, veruntamen, verumenimvēro, yet, notwithstanding, never

thelefs.

5. CAUSAL; as, nam, namque, enim, for; quia, quippe, quoniam, because ; quòd, that, because.

6. ILLATIVE or RATIONAL; as, ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, therefore; quapropter, quocirca, wherefore; proinde, therefore; cum, quan, feeing, fince; quandoquidem, forasmuch as.

7. FINAL or PERFECTIVE; as, ut, uti, that, to the end that. 8. CONDITIONAL; as, fi, fin, if; dum, modo, dummodo, provided, upon condition that; fiquidem, if indeed.

9. EXCEPTIVE or RESTRICTIVE; as, ni, nifi, unless, except. 10. DIMINUTIVE; as, faltem, certe, at least.

11. SUSPENSIVE or DUBITATIVE; as, an, anne, num, whether; he, annon, whether, not; necne, or, not.

12. EXPLETIVE; as autem, vero, now, truly; quidem, equidem, indeed.

13. ORDINATIVE; as, deinde, thereafter; denique, finally; insuper, moreover; cæterum, moreover, but, however.

14. DECLARATIVE; as, videlicet, fcilicet, nempe, nimirum, &c. to wit, namely.

Obf. 1. The fame words, as they are taken in different views, are both adverbs and conjunctions. Thus, an, anne, &c. are either interroga tive adverbs: as, An fcribit? Does he write? or fufpenfive conjunctions ¿ as, Nefcio an fcribat, I know not if he writes.

Obf. 2. Some conjunctions, according to their natural order, ftand first in a fentence; as, Ac, atque, nec, neque, aut, vel, five, at, fedt, verum, nam, quandoquidem, quocirca, quare, fin, fiquidem, præterquam, &c. : fome ftand in the fecond place; as, Autem, vero, quoque, quidem, enim : and fome may indifferently be put either first or fecond; as, Etiam, equidem, licet, quamvis, quanquam, tamen, attamen, namque, quod, quia, quoniùm, quippe, utpote, ut, uti, ergo, ideo, igitur, idcirco, itaque, proinde, propte