From fome Neuter verbs are formed Participles of the perfect tense; as, Erratus, feftinatus, juratus, laboratus, vigilatus, ceffatus, fudatus, triumpbatus, regnatus, decurfus, desitus, emeritus, emerfus, obitus, placitus, fucceffus, occafus, &c. and alfo of the future in dus: as, Jurandus, vigilandus, regnandus, carendus, dormiendus, erubefcendus, &c. Neuter paffive verbs are equally various Veneo, has no participle: Fido, only fidens and fifus ; foleo, folens and folitus; vapulo, vapulans and vapulaturus ; Gaudeo, gaudens, gavifus, and gavifurus; Audeo, audens, aufus, aufurus, audendus. Aufus is ufed both in an active and paffive fense; as, Ausi omnes immane nefas, aufoque potiti. Virg.

Deponent and Common verbs have commonly four Participles; as,

Loquens, fpeaking; locuturus, about to speak; locutus, having spoken; loquendus, to be spoken: Dignans, vouchsafing; dignaturus, about to vouchsafe; dignatus, having vouchfafed, being vouchfafed, or having been vouchfafed; dignandus, to be vouchfafed. Many Participles of the perfect tense from Deponent verbs have both an active and paffive fense; as, Abominatus, conatus, confessus, adortus, amplexus, blandītus, largitus, mentītus, oblītus, teftatus, veneratus, &c.

There are feveral Participles compounded with in fignifying not, the verbs of which do not admit of fuch compofition; as, Infciens, infperans, indicens, for non dicens, inopīnans and necopīnans, immērens; Illæfus, impranfus, inconfultus, incuflodītus, immetatus, impunītus, imparatus, incomitatus, incomptus, indemnatus, indotatus, incorruptus, interrĭtus, and imperterritus, inteftatus, inaufus, inopinatus, inultus, incenfus, for non cenfus, not registered; ; infectus, for non fa&tus, invifus, for non vifus, indictus, for non dictus, &c. There is a different incenfus from incendo: infectus from inficio; invifus from invideo; indictus from indico, &c.

If from the fignification of a Participle we take away time, it becomes an adjective, and admits the degrees of comparison; as,

Amans, loving, amantior, amantissimus ; doctus, learned, doctior, doctissimus : or a substantive; as, Præfectus, a commander or governor; confof. fc. litera, a confonant; continens, f. fc. terra, a continent; confluens, m. a place where two rivers run together; oriens, m. fc. fol, the caft; occidens, m. the weft; dictum, a saying; fcriptum, &c.

nans,

There are many words in ATUS, ITŪS, and UTUS, which although resembling participles are reckoned adjectives, because they come from nouns, and not from verbs; as, alatus, barbatus, cordatus, caudatus, criftatus, auritus, pellītus turrītus; aftutus, cornutus, nafutus, &c. winged, bearded, difcreet, &c. But auratus, arutus, argentatus, ferratus, plumbatus, gypfatus, calecatus, clypeatus, galeatus, tunicatus, larvatus, palliatus, lymphatus, purpuratus, prætextatus, &c. covered with gold brafs, filver, &c. are accounted participles, because they are fuppo fed to come from obfolete verbs. So perhaps calamiftratus, frizzle crifped or curled, crinītus, having long hair, peritus, &c.

There are a kind of Verbal adjectives in BUNDUS, formed from the imperfect of the indicative, which very much refemble Participles in their fignification, but generally exprefs the meaning of the verb more fully, or denote an abundance or great deal of the action; as, vitabundus, the fame with valde vitans, avoiding much; Sall. Jug. 60. and 101; Liv. xxv. 13. So errabundus, ludibundus, popuPabundus, moribundus, &c.

GERUNDS AND SUPINES.

GERUNDS are Participial words, which bear the fignification of the verb from which they are formed; and are declined like a neuter noun of the second declension, through all the cafes of the fingular number, except the

vocative.

There are, both in Latin and English, fubftantives derived from the verb, which fo much refemble the Gerund in their fignification, that frequently they may be fubftituted in its place. They are generally ufed, however, in a more undetermined fenfe than the Gerund, and in English have the article always prefixed to them. 'Thus, with the gerund, Delectar legendo Ciceronem, I am delighted with reading Cicero. But with the fubstantive, Delector lectione Ciceronis, I am delighted with the reading of Cicero.

The Gerund and Future Participle of verbs in io, and fome others, often take u instead of e; as, faciundum, di, do, dus; experiundum, potiundum, gerundum, petundum, dicundum, &c. for faciendum, &c.

SUPINES have much the fame fignification with Ge runds; and may be indifferently applied to any person or number. They agree in termination with nouns of the fourth declenfion, having only the accufative and ablative cafes.

The former Supine is commonly used in an active, and the lat ter in a paffive fenfe, but fometimes the contrary; as, coctum nox vapulatum dudum conductus fui, i. e. ut vapularem, v. verberarer, to be beaten, Plaut.

ADVERB.

An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech, added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb, to exprefs fome circumftance, quality, or manner of their fignification.

All Adverbs may be divided into two claffes, namely, those which denote Circumftance; and those which denote Quality, Manner, Sc.

I. Adverbs denoting CIRCUMSTANCE are chiefly thofe of Place, Time, and Order.

1. Adverbs of Place are fivefold, namely fuch as fig.

nify,

1. Motion or reft in a place.

Ubi?

Where?

Unde?

Deorfum, Downward.

Antrorfum, Forward.
Retrorfum, Backward,
Dextrorfum, Towards the righ
Siniftrorfum, Towards the left.
4. Motion from a place.
Whence?

Hence.

Alibi,

Elfe where.

Illinc,

Ubivis,

Any where.

Ifthine,

Ibidem,

In the fame place.

Inde,

2. Motion to a place.

Aliunde,

From elfe where.

Quo?

Whither?

Alicunde,

From fome place.

If from any place.

On both fides.

Superne,

From above.

Inferne,

From below.

2. Adverbs of Time are threefold, namely, fuch as fig.

II. Adverbs denoting QUALITY, MANNER, &. are either Abfolute or Comparative. Thofe called Abfolute denote,

1. QUALITY, fimply; as bene, well; malè, ill; fortiter, bravely and innumerable others that come from adjective nouns or participles.

2. CERTAINTY; as, profecò, certè, fanè, planè, na, utique, ita, etiam, truly, verily, yes; quidni, why not? omnino, certainly.

3. CONTINGENCE; as fortè, forfan, fortaffis, fors, haply, perhaps, by chance, peradventure.

4. NEGATION; as, non, haud, not; nequaquam, not at all; neutiquam, by no means; minime, nothing less. 5. PROHIBITION; as, ne, not.

6. SWEARING; as, hercle, pol, eděpol, mecaftor, by Hercules, by Pollux, &c.

7. EXPLAINING; as, utpote, videlicet, fcilicet, nimirum, nempe, to wit, namely.

8. SEPARATION; as, feorfum, apart; separātim, sep arately; figillatim, one by one; viritim, man by man; oppidatim, town by town, &c.

9. JOINING TOGETHER; as, fimul, unà, pariter, together; generaliter, generally; univerfaliter, univerfally; plarumque, for the most part.

10. INDICATION or POINTING out; as, en, ecce, lo, behold.

11. INTERROGATION; as, cur, quare, quamobrem, why, wherefore? num, an, whether? quomodo, quî, how? To which add, Ubi, quo, quorfum, unde, quà, quando, quamdiu, quoties.

Those which are called Comparative denote,

1. EXCESS; as, Valde, maximè, magnopěre, maximopere, fummopere, admodum, oppidò, perquam, longè, greatly, very much, exceedingly; nimis, nimium, too much; prorfus, penitus, omnino, altogether, wholly; magis, more; meliùs better; pejus, worfe; fortiùs, more bravely; and optimè, beft; peffimè, worft; fortiffimè, moft bravely; and innumerable others of the comparative and fuperlative degrees.

2. DEFECT; as, Ferme, ferè, propemodum, penè, almost; parum, little; paulo, paululum, very little.

3. PREFERENCE; as, potiùs, fatiùs, rather; potiffimùm, præcipuè, præfertim, chiefly, efpecially; imo, yes, nay, nay rather.

4. LIKENESS or EQUALITY; as, ita, fic, adeò, fo; ut, uti, ficut, ficuti, velut, veluti, ceu, tanquam, quafi, as, as if; quemadmodum, even as; fatis, enough; itidem, in like manner; juxta, alike, equally.

5. UNLIKENESS or INEQUALITY; as, aliter, fecus, otherwife; alioqui or alioquin, elle; nedum, much more or much less.

6. ABATEMENT; as, fenfim, paulatim, pedetentim, by degrees, piecemeal; vix, fcarcely; agre, hardly, with dif ficulty.

7. EXCLUSION; as, tantùm, folùm, mòdo, tantummodo, duntaxat, demum, only.

DERIVATION, COMPARISON, and COMPOSITION, of ADVERBS.

Adverbs are derived, 1. from Substantives, and end commonly in TIM or TUS; as, Partim, partly, by parts; nominatim, by name; generatim, by kinds, generally; fpeciatim, vicatim, gregatim; radicitus, from the root, &c. 2. From adjectives: and thefe are by far the

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