Obs. 2. Grammarians reckon only ten real Imperfonal verbs, and all in the fecond conjugation; decet, it becomes; pænitet, it repents; oportet, it behoves; miseret, it pities; piget, it irketh; pudet, it fhameth; licet, it is lawful; libet or lubet, it pleaseth; tædet, it wearieth; liquet, it appears. Of which the following have a double preterite; miseret, miferuit, or mifertum eft; piget, piguit, or pigitum eft; pudet, puduit, or puditum eft; licet, licuit, or licitum eft; libet, libuit, or libitum eft; tædet, tæ duit, tafum eft, oftener pertæfum eft. But many other verbs are used imperfonally in all the conjugations:

In the first, Juvat, spectat, vácat, flat, conftat, præftat, reftat, &c.

In the fecond, Appārét, attinet, pertinet, debet, dölet, nocet, lătet, liquet patet, placet, difplicet, sedet, sõlet, &c.

In the third, Accădit, incăpit, desĭnit, fufficit, &c.

In the fourth, Convěnit, expědit, &c.

Alfo irregular verbs, Eft, obefl, prodeft, poteft, intereft, fupereft; fit, præterit, nequit, fubit, confert, refert, Ts.

Obf. 3. Under impersonal verbs may be comprehended those which exprefs the operations or appearances of nature; as, Fulgu rat, fulminat, tonat, grandinat, gělat, pluit, ningit, lucefcit, advefperafcit, &c.

Obf. 4 Imperfonal verbs are applied to any perfon or number, by putting that which stands before other verbs, after the imperfonals, in the cafes which they govern; as, placet mibi, tibi, illi, it pleases me, thee, him; or I pleafe, thou pleasest, &c. pugnatur a me, a te, ab illo, I fight, thou fightest, he fighteth, &c. So Curritar, venitur a me, a te, &c. I run, thou runneft, &c. Favetur tibi a me, Thou art favored by me, or I favor thee, &c.

Obs. 5. Verbs are used perfonally or imperfonally, according to the particular meaning which they exprefs, or the different import of the words with which they are joined: thus we can fay, ego placeo tibi, I pleafe you; but we cannot fay, fi places audire, if you please to hear, but fi placet tibi audire. So, we can say, multa bomini contingunt, many things happen to a man: but instead of ego contigi effe domi, we muft either fay, me contigit effe domi, or mihi contigit effe domi, I happened to be at home. The proper and elegant use of imperfonal verbs can only be acquired by practice.

REDUNDANT VERBS.

Thofe are called Redundant Verbs, which have different forms to exprefs the fame fenfe: thus, affentio and affentior, to agree; fabri co and fabricor, to frame; mereo and mercor, to deserve, &c. Thefe verbs, however, under the paffive form have likewife a paffive fignification.

Several verbs are used in different conjugations.

1. Some are usually of the first conjugation, and rarely of the third; as, luvo, lavas, luvāre; and lavo, lavis, lavěre, to wash.

2. Some are ufually of the fecond, and rarely of the third; as, Ferveo, ferves, and fervo, fervis, to boil.

Fulgeo, fulges, and fulgo, fulgis, to fire.
Strideo, ftrides, and strido, ftridis, to make a noife.

Tueor, tuēris, and tuor, tuĕris, to defend.

To thefe add tergeo, terges; and tergo, tergis, to wipe, which are equally common.

3. Some are commonly of the third conjugation, and rarely of the fourth; as,

Fodio, fodis, foděre, and fodio, fodis, fodire, to dig.

Sallo, fallis, fallère, and fallio, fallis, fallire, to falt.

Arceffo, -is, arceffere, and arceffio, arcefsire, to fend for.

Morior, morĕris, mori, and morior, morīris, moriri, to die..

So Orior, orĕris, and orior, oriris, oriri, to rifè.

Potior, potěris, and potior, potīris, potiri, to enjoy.

There is likewife a verb, which is usually of the second conjugation, and more rarely of the fourth, namely, cieo, cies, cière; and cic, cis, cire, to roufe; whence accire and accitus.

To thefe we may add the verb EDO, to eat, which, though regularly formed, alfo agrees in feveral of its parts with fum; thus, Ind. Fref. Edo, edis or es, edit or eft, editis or eflis.~-~

Imp. Ede or es, edito or effo; edite or effe; editote or eflote
Sub. Imperf. Ederem or effem, ederes or effes, &c.

Inf. Pref. Edere or effe.

Paffive Ind. Pref. Editur or eftur.

It may not be improper here to fubjoin a lift of thofe verbs whic!. refemble one another in fome of their parts, though they differ in fignification. Of these fome agree in the prefent, fome in the preterite, and others in the fupine.

1. The following agree in the prefent, but are differently conjugated :

Aggero, -as, to beap up.
Appello, -as, to call.
Compello, -as, to addrefs.
Colligo, -as, to bind.
Confterno, as, to aftonifs.
Effero, -as, to enrage.
Fundo, as, to found.

Mando, -as, to command.

Obsĕro, -as, to lock.

Vŏlo, -as, to fly.

Aggero, is, to bring together.
Appello, -is, to arrive.
Compello, is, to drive together,
Colligo, is, to gather together.
Confterno, is, to firew.
Effero, -fers, to bring cut.
Fundo, is, to pour out.
Mando, -is, to cherv.

Obsero, -is, to befet.

Volo, vis, to vill.

Of this class fome have a different quantity; as,

Cōlo, -as, to firain.

Dico, -as, to dedicate.

Colo, -is, to till.

Dico, is, to fay.

3. The following agree in the fupine:

Crefco, cretum, to grow.

Măneo, manfum, to stay.
Sto, ftatum, to fland.

Succenfeo, -cenfum, to be angry.
Teneo, tentum, to bolil.

Verro, verfum, to freep.

Vinco, victum, to overcome.

Cerno, cretum, to behold.
Mando, manfum, to chew.
Sifto, ftatum, to flop.

Succendo, -cenfum, to kindle.
Tendo, tentum, to firetch out.
Verto, verfum, to turn.

Vivo, victum, to live.

THE OBSOLETE CONJUGATION.

This chiefly occurs in old writers, and only in particular conjugations and tenfes.

1. The ancient Latins made the imperfect of the indicative active of the fourth conjugation in IBAM, without the e; as, audibam, fabam; for audiēbam, fciebam.

2. In the future of the indicative of the fourth conjugation, they ufed IBO in the active, and ibor in the paffive voice; as, dor mībo, dormihor, for dormiam, dormiar.

3. The prefent of the subjunctive anciently ended in IM; as, edin, for edam; duim for dem.

4. The perfect of the subjunctive active sometimes occurs in SSIM, and the future in SSO; as, levoffim, levafo, for levaverim, levavero ; cupfim, capfo, for ceperim, cepero: Hence the future of the infinitive was formed in ASSERE; as, levaffere, for levaturus effe,

5. In the fecond perfon of the prefent of the imperative passive, we find MINO in the fingular, and minor in the plural; as, famăng, for fare; and progrědiminor for progrĕdimini.

6. The fyllable ER was frequently added to the prefent of the infinitive palive; as, farier, for fari; dicier, for dici.

7. The participles of the future time active, and perfect paffive, when joined with the verb effe, were sometimes used as indeclinable: thus, credo inimicos dicturum effe, for dicturos, Cic. Goportes ad me missum facias, for misfas, Cic. ad Attic. viii, 12.

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF VERBS.

I. Verbs are derived either from nouns or from other verbs. Verbs derived from nouns are called Denominative; as, Cano, to fup; laudo, to praise; fraudo, to defraud; lapido, to throw ftones; opěror, to work; frumentor, to forage; lignor, to gather fuel, &c. from cana, laus, fraus, &c. But when they exprefs imitation or refcmblance, they are called Imitative; as, Patriffo, græcor, bubulo, cornicor, c. I imitate or resemble my father, a Græcian, a crow, &c. from pater, Græcus, cornix.

Of those derived from other verbs, the following chiefly deserve attention; namely, Frequentatives, Inceptives, and Defideratives.

1. FREQUENTATIVES express frequency of action, and are all of the first conjugation. They are formed from the laft fupine, by changing atu into ito, in verbs of the first conjugation; and by changing a into o, in verbs of the other three conjugations; as, clamo, to cry, clamito, to cry frequently: terreo, territo; verto, verfo; dormio, dormito.

In like manner, Deponent verbs form Frequentatives in or ; as, minor, to threaten; minitor, to threaten frequently.

Some are formed in an irregular manner; as, nato from no; nofcito from nofce; feitor, or rather fcifcitor, from scio; pavito, from paveo; sector, from fequor; loquitor, from loquor. to quærito, fundito, agito fluito, c.

From Frequentative verbs are also formed other frequentatives; as, curro, curfo, curfito; pello, pulfo, pulsito, or by contraction pulto; capio, capto, captito; cano, canto, cantito; defendo, defenfo, defenfito; dico, dicto, dictito; gero, gefto, geftito; jacio, jačło, jaćtito; venio, ventito; mutio, mulo, (for mutito), mufsito, c.

Verbs of this kind do not always exprefs frequency of action. Many of them have much the fame fenfe with their primitives, or express the meaning more strongly.

2. INCEPTIVE Verbs mark the beginning or continued increase of any thing. They are formed from the fecond perfon fing. of the prefent of the indicative, by adding co: as, caleo, to be hot, cales, calefco, to grow hot. So in the other conjugations, labafco, from labo; tremifco, from tremo; obdormifco, from obdormio. Hifco, from bio, is contracted for biafco. Inceptives are likewife formed from substantives and adjectives; as, puerasco, from puer; dulcefco, from dulcis ; juvenesco, from juvenis.

All Inceptives are Neuter verbs, and of the third conjugation. They want both the preterite and fupine; unless very rarely, when shey borrow them from their primitives.

3. DESIDERATIVE Verbs signify a defire or intention of doing a thing. They are formed from the latter fupine, by adding rio and fhortening the u; as, cœnaturio, I defire to sup, from canatu. They

are all of the fourth conjugation, and want both preterite and ftpine, except these three, esurio, to defire to eat; parturio, to be in travail; nupturio, to defire to be married.

There are a few verbs in LLO, which are called Diminutive; as, cantilla, forbillo, are, I fing, I fup a little. To thefe fome add albico and candico, -are, to be or to grow whitish; alfo nigrico, fodico, and vellico. Some verbs in SSO are called Intenfive; as, Capello, faceffo, peteffo or petifo, I take, I do, I feek earnestly.

Verbs are compounded with nouns, with other verbs, with adverbs, and chiefly with prepofitions. Many of the fimple verbs are not in ufe; 38, Futo, fendo, Specio, gruo, &c. The component parts ufually remain entire. Sometimes a letter is added; as, prodeo, for pro-co: or taken away; as, afporto, omitto, trado, pejero, pergo, debeo, prabeo, &c. for abfporto, obmitto, tranfdo, perjuro, perrego, debibeo, præhibeo, &c. So demo, promo, fumo, of de, pro, fub, and emo, which anciently fignified to take or to take away. Often the vowel or dipthong of the fimple verb, and the last confonant of the prepofition, is changed; as, damno, condemno; calco, conculco; lado, collido; audio, obedio, &c. Affero, aufero, collaudo, implico, &c. for adfero, abfero, conlaudo, inplico, &c.

PARTICIPLE.

A Participle is a kind of adjective formed from a verb, which in its fignification implies time.

It is fo called, because it partakes both of an adjective and of a verb, having in Latin gender and declenfion from the one, time and fignification from the other, and number from both.

Participles in Latin are declined like adjectives; and their fignification is various, according to the nature of the verbs from which they come : only participles in dus are always paffive, and import not fo much future time, as obligation or neceffity.

Latin verbs have four Participles, the prefent and future active; as, Amans, loving; amatūrus, about to love: and the perfect and future paffive; as, amatus, loved; amandus, to be loved.

The Latins have not a participle perfect in the active, nor a participle prefent in the paffive voice; which defect must be fupplied by a circumlocution. Thus, to exprefs the perfect participle active in English, we ufe a conjunction, and the plu-perfect of the fubjunctive in Latin, or fome other tenfe, according to its connection with the other words of a sentence; as, he having loved, quum amaviffet, &c.

Neuter verbs have commonly but two Participles; as, Sedens, feffurus; ftans, ftaturus.