magnetic engines; but very briefly, in consideration of their small
importance as prime movers, and absence of economy; the true
practical use of electro-magnetism being, not to drive machinery,
but to make signals; and the subject of telegraphy being foreign
to the
purpose of this work.

The principles of thermodynamics, or the science of the me-
chanical action of heat, are explained in the third chapter of the
third part more fully than would have been necessary but for the
fact, that this is the first systematic treatise on that science which
has ever appeared; the only previous sources of information re-
garding it being detached memoirs in the transactions of learned
societies, and in scientific journals.

The experimental and practical examples used to illustrate the
application of the principles of that science, and of rules and tables
deduced from them, are, to a considerable extent, taken from the
Author's personal observations of the performance of marine engines.

At the end of the book, as well as interspersed through it,
are various tables, useful in calculations respecting prime movers,
especially the steam engine; and many of those tables contain
results which have never before been published.

The Author has endeavoured to the best of his ability and
recollection to acknowledge, in the course of the book, the sources
from which he has derived information. For much of that informa-
tion, for opportunities of inspecting furnaces, boilers, and engines,
and of making experiments, and in some cases for drawings of
engines, which have been reduced to a small scale to illustrate this
work, he has to return his most grateful thanks to many engineers,
shipbuilders, manufacturers, and men of science.

GLASGOW UNIVERSITY, 22d September, 1859.

W. J. M. R.

The FOURTEENTH EDITION has been carefully revised, and
additional matter relating to Engineering Science and Practice
added to Text and Appendix. A special Section on Gas, Oil, and
Air Engines, by Mr. Bryan Donkin, M. Inst.C.E., has been added.
Additional cuts to illustrate Text have been added, and received
from Messrs. Schäffer and Budenberg, Hannan and Buchanan,
and Mr. J. Turnbull. The cuts of Injector and Belleville Boiler
are from Prof. Jamieson's and Mr. Seaton's Manuals of the Steam
Engine.

GLASGOW, 22nd May, 1897.

W. J. M.

CONTENTS.

HISTORICAL SKETCH, RELATING CHIEFLY TO THE STEAM ENGINE,

INTRODUCTION,-OF MACHINES IN GENERAL.

SECTION 1.-Of Resistance and Work.

Art.

1. Action of a Machine,

Art.

29. Accelerating Effort,

during

Page

30. Work

1

Retardation

2. Work, its definition and measures,

3. Rate of Work-Horse-power,

Energy Stored and Restored,

2

31. Actual Energy,

2

32. Reciprocating Force,

33. Periodical Motion,

34. Starting and Stopping,

4. Velocity,

5. Work in Terms of Angular Motion,

6. Work in Terms of Pressure and

Volume,

Table of Units of Pressure,

7. Algebraical Expressions for Work,

8. Work against an Oblique Force,.

9. Summation of Quantities of Work,

Reduction of Resistance to Driv-

ing Point,

10. Representation of Work by

Area,

an

11. Work against varying Resistance,

11 A. Approximate Computation of

Integrals,

12. Useful Work and Lost Work,

13. Friction,

14. Unguents,

14 A. Work of Acceleration-Mass-

Momentum (see page 557),

15. Summation of Work of Accelera-

tion Moment of Inertia-

Inertia reduced to Driving

35. Efficiency,

36. Power and Effect-Horse-power, 40

37. General Equation and Principle, . 40

SECTION 4.-Of Dynamometers.

8

41. Rotatory Dynamometer (see p. 80), 45

42. Integrating Dynamometers,

46

13

44. Indicator-Other Applications,

52

14

16

18

16. Summary of various kinds of

Work,

43. Indicator-Application to the

Steam Engine,

21

50. Pump Brakes,

51. Fan Brakes,

24

SECTION 6.-Of Fly Wheels.

SECTION 7.-Of Regulators and Gover-

26

nors in general.

26

54. Regulators,

55. Pendulum Governors,

26

27

57. Fan Governors,

27

SECTION 3.-Of Effort, Energy, Power,

and Efficiency.

62

63

63

63

33

56. Balanced Governors,

SECTION 8.-Summary of Principles of

the Strength of Machines.

58. Nature and Division of the Subject, 64

62. Cylindrical Boilers and Pipes,

63. Spherical Shells,

64. Thick Hollow Cylinder,

33 65. Thick Hollow Sphere,.

30

59. Factors of Safety,

32

61. Tenacity of Bars,

.

64

65

66

67

68

69

69

SECTION 8.-Summary of Principles of the Strength of Machines-continued.

Page Art.

69 72. Strength of Timber Posts, Struts,

and Connecting Rods,

Page

68. Elliptical Flues,

71

73. Resistance to Cross Breaking,

69. Shearing Force of Keys, Pins,

Bolts, and Rivets,

71

74. Resistance to Wrenching.-Axles, 78

75. Twisting and Bending combined,

74

70. Resistance to direct Crushing,

71. Resistance of Iron Rods and Pil-

72 76. Teeth of Wheels,

SECTION 9.-Prime Movers Classed, 80

lars to Crushing by Bending,. 73 | ADDENDUM-Dynamometers,

PART I-OF MUSCULAR POWER.

CHAPTER I.-General PRINCIPLES.

78. Nature of the Subject,

79. Daily Work-Circumstances af-

fecting it,

81

81

80

Time of Working, on Daily Work, 82

81. Influence of other circumstances-

Race, Food, Air, &c.,

80. Influence of Load, Velocity, and 82. Transport of Loads,

CHAPTER II.-POWER OF Men.

83. Tables of the Performance of Men,

84. Work of a Man raising his own

Weight,.

.

84 | 85. Lifting Weights by a Rope,

86. Other modes of Exertion,

85 87. Transporting Loads,

CHAPTER III.-POWER OF HORSES AND OTHER BEASTS.

88. Tables of the Performance of

Horses,

88 91. Treadwheels for Horses and Oxen, 89

89

PART II-OF WATER POWER AND WIND POWER.

CHAPTER I.-OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR POWER.

92. Nature of Sources in general- 94. Measurement of a Source of Water

Form assumed by Energy of Fall

-Dynamic Head,

99. Loss of Head-Available Head

and Power-Efficiency of the

Fall-Factors of Resistance, 100

100. Action of the Water on the

Engine,

CHAPTER III-OF WATER BUCKET ENGINES.

103. Double Acting Bucket Engine,

. 103

106

107 A. Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, 110

108. Fixing Diameter of Supply Pipe,

(See also Article 140 A,) 112

109. Effect of the Regulator,

. 115

110. Action of the Water on the Piston, 116

SECTION 2.-Of Valves.

with Pressures in other Units, 109 111. Valves in general,

CHAPTER IV.-OF WATER PRESSURE ENGINES-continued.

Art.

CHAPTER VI.-OF TURBINES.

SECTION 1.-General Principles. Art.

171. Turbines generally Described and

Classed,

172. Velocity of Flow-Dimensions of

Drum,

173. Velocity of Whirl-Inclination of

Vanes,

174. Efficiency without Friction,

175. Greatest Efficiency without

Friction,

176 Reaction Wheel,

Page

179. Efficiency as affected by Regu-

lator,

Page

201

SECTION 2.-Description of Various

Turbines.

189

191

192

193

181. Jonval's, or Koechlin & Co.'s

196

182. Fourney ron's Turbine

204

177. Efficiency of Turbines, allowing

for Friction,

178. Volume of Flow and size of

185. Thomson's Turbine,

Hercules Turbine,

CHAPTER VII.-OF FLUID-ON-FLUID IMPULSE ENGINES.

Orifices, .

PART III-OF STEAM AND OTHER HEAT ENGINES.

195. Nature and Division of the Subject,

CHAPTER I-OF RELATIONS AMONGST THE PHENOMENA OF HEAT.

223

241

241

242

242

242

SECTION 2.-Of Quantities of Heat.

207. Comparison of Quantities of Heat

-Sensible Heat,

228

229

207A. Calorimeters,

208. Unit of Heat,

232

204. Expansion of Solids-Pyrometers, 231

205. Melting Points,

206. Pressure of Vapours-Evapora-

209. Specific Heat of Liquids and

Solids,

210. Specific Heat of Gases,

211. Latent Heat,

243

245

. 248

.250

235

250

tion-Boiling,

. 250

235

I. Liquid,

235

. 252

II. Vapour,

. 253

236

III Pressure and Density of Va-

254

. 255

238

V. Mixtures of Vapours and

Gases,

239

212. Latent Heat of Expansion,
213. Latent Heat of Fusion-Ice,
214. Latent Heat of Evaporation,
215. Total Heat of Evaporation,
215 A. Measurement of Heat by Eva-
poration,

216. Total Heat of Gasefication,