degradation is made by Garter, and a warrant issued out to him for taking down the achievements of the knight, which is performed as follows:

First, Garter, in his coat of arms, usually before morning prayer, standing in the middle of the choir in St. George's chapel, the officers of arms standing about him, and the Black Rod also present, reads aloud the instrument for publishing the knight's degradation. This being read, the deputed herald being placed on the back of the stall of the convict knight, when Garter pronounces these words: 'Be expelled and put from among the arms, &c.' takes his crest, and violently casts it down into the choir, and afterwards his banner and sword; and, when the publication is read out, all the officers at arms spurn the achievements out of the choir into the body of the church, first the sword, secondly, the banner, and lastly the crest; so on, out of the west door, thence through the castle-gate, whence they are thrown into the castle ditch.

At a chapter held 32d Henry VIII., it was determined, that wheresoever the actions and names of such offenders should be found in the books of the order, these words, 'Vah Proditor,' should be written in the margin, as a mark of ignominy, by which means the registers would be preserved fair, and not defaced by erasements.

The last knight who was thus degraded, was the duke of Ormond, anno 1, George I., for acting in concert with the French general.

GARTER PRINCIPAL KING AT ARMS. This office was instituted by Henry V. Garter, and principal king at arms, are two distinct offices united in one person garter's employment is to attend the service of the order of the garter; for which he is allowed a mantle and badge, a house in Windsor Castle, and pensions both from the sovereign and knights, besides fees. He also carries the rod and sceptre at every feast of St. George, when the sovereign is present, and notifies the election of such as are newly chosen; attends the solemnity of their installations, and funerals; takes care of placing their arms over their seats; and carries the garter to foreign kings and princes: for which service it has been usual to join him in commission with some peer, or other person of distinction. Garter's oath relates only to services being performed within the order, and is taken in chapter before the sovereign and knights. His oath as king at arms is taken before the earl marshal.

GARTH or GIRTH, from gird. See GIRTH. GARTH (Sir Samuel), an English poet and physician, descended from a good family in Yorkshire. He studied at Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. D. in 1691, and was admitted into the college of physicians at London in 1693. He zealously promoted the erecting of the dispensary for the relief of the sick poor. This having exposed him to the resentment of others of the faculty, he ridiculed them, with peculiar spirit and vivacity, in a poem called the Dispensary, in six cantos, highly esteemed. He was one of the most eminent members of the Kit-Kat Club. Upon the accession of George I. Dr. Garth was knighted, and made physician to his majest and the army. He had then gone

through the office of censor of the college in 1702; and had a very extensive practice. One of his last performances was his translation, of the fourteenth book, and the story of Cippus in the fifteenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses. These were published in 1717. He died in January, 1718-19.

GARTMORN DAM, an artificial lake in Clackmannanshire, formed about the beginning of the eighteenth century, for the use of the Alloa coal-works. When full it covers 162 English acres. The head is faced with rough hewn stone, and measures 320 yards. It has a sluice, which regulates the quantity of water to be conveyed into a lade, which first drives a mill for chipping wood and dye stuffs, next a lintmill; then it is conveyed into pipes forcing it up to two engines, that draw up the water and the coals from the pits; after which it is collected into a smaller dam, and conveyed thence, in a lade, to a set of mills in Alloa for grinding wheat, oats, malt, and barley; which are capable of grinding 400 bolls, or 250 quarters, in a day. There are two large wheels, nineteen feet diameter, in the centre of the house, which drive the whole machinery in both ends of the mills. From these mills, the water falls into a rivulet, that runs through Alloa, drives a snuff and fulling mill, and, passing through some pleasure grounds, comes near the harbour, where it is again confined by a strong dam of earth, a large sluice, and a long trough, both of stone; which gives it a considerable velocity for clearing the harbour; so that this little water, originally a branch of the Black Devon, is made to serve the most important purposes, by driving seven mills besides cleaning the harbour.

GARVE (Christian), an eminent German philosopher and public writer, was born on the 7th of January, 1742, at Breslau, where his father was a lyer. He studied at the universities of Frankfort, Halle, and Leipsic; at which last place he obtained a professorship, but was soon compelled to resign it on account of bad health. He now returned to his native town, where he continued to spend the remainder of his life. In his last years he suffered much from a painful disease, which he endured with great fortitude. He died at Breslau on the 1st of December, 1798. The celebrated Kant paid him the compliment of saying that 'Garve was a true philosopher, in the legitimate acceptation of the word.'

Garve invented no system of his own, nor did he attach himself to the tenets of any one master. He belonged to that class of philosophers who, without adopting any particular theory, take an impartial view of all systems of doctrine, and seek truth wherever it is to be found. The just and rational view which he inculcated on the subject of our moral and social duties, entitle him to the praise of a genuine practical philoso pher. The history of philosophy is indebted to him for several new and ingenious illustrations: and he has left us a faithful though rapid sketch of the ancient and modern doctrines respecting the fundamental principles of moral philosophy. His literary essays display a refined taste, and a genius at once elegant and philosophical. His

style is uniformly simple, perspicuous, and

correct.

His principal works are, 1. Dissertatio de Nonnullis quæ Pertinent ad Logicam Probabilium, 1766, 4to. 2. Dissertatio de Ratione Scribendi Historiam Philosophicam. 3. A prize essay, in German, on the Inclinations, which was crowned by the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1769, 4to. 4. Progr. Legendorum Philosophorum Nonnulla et Exemplum, 1770, 4to. 5. Remarks on the Character and Writings of Gellert, 1770, 8vo, in German. 6. A Dissertation(in German) on the union of morals and politics, Breslau, 1788, 8vo.; also translated into French. 7. Essays (in German) on various subjects in literature, morals, and social life. 8. A sketch (in German) of the most remarkable principles of moral philosophy, from the time of Aristotle to the present day, &c., was first prefixed to his translation of Aristotle's Ethics, and afterwards printed separately; Breslau, 1798, 8vo. 9. Some observations on the most general principles of morals, in German, ibid. 1798, 8vo. Besides these works Garve wrote a number of literary essays. He also translated into German a variety of English works. Garve's Correspondence was published at Breslau, in 2 vols. 8vo.

GARUM, in ancient cookery and medicine, is a common term for a kind of pickle, in which fish had been preserved. The principal kind of fish thus preserved was the mackerel; and the garum principally consisted of the juices of the fish and salt. We find the old writers speaking of several kinds of it: one they call Spanish garum, from the place whence they had it; another kind, from its color, was termed the black garum: this last kind seems to have been that called fæcosum by the Latin poets, as if the fæces and remains of the fish were left among it; and by others garum sanguineum, from its being sometimes tinged with their blood to a reddish color. The Romans sometimes called the Spanish kind, which was esteemed the best, garum sociorum; and Galen says that the black garum was called oxyporum; but he only means by this, that it was used in the preparations called oxypora. It served to dilute them, and thence took the name of them to itself, by way of distinction from the Spanish, and other kinds, not used for this purpose. Pliny tells us that garum was com

posed of all the offals of fish, of every kind, macerated in salt; it had its name, he says, from its being originally made of a fish, called by the Greeks garos; but in his time the best seems to have been made with the mackerel ; but that there were several other kinds used both in food and medicine, some of which must have been made from scarce fish, for they were of great price. They were used in glysters, and externally applied in several kinds of cutaneous eruptions: the ancients had a great opinion of them in glysters, for removing the pain in the sciatica, and other like cases; and the coarser sorts were their common medicine for curing cattle of the scab, by making incisions in the skin, and laying over the part cloths wetted with them. Strabo, lib. iii. 109; Plin. lib. xxxi. cap. 8. The exact way in which the ancients prepared their garum, which they so much valued as a delicacy at their tables, is unknown to us; but it appears that some kinds of garum had no fishy matter in them, from Aetius, who gives the following prescription of a liquor, which he calls by this name:-take of common water thirty-one pints, of sea-salt two pints, and of dried figs fifty; let these all macerate together, and afterwards be strained clear for use.

All the garums were esteemed hot and drying by the ancients, and were sometimes given as laxatives before food. The modern writers understand the word garum in a much more limited sense, meaning no more by it than the brine or pickle in which herrings or anchovies are preserved.

GARUMNA, a navigable river of Gaul, which, rising from the Pyrenees, anciently bounded Aquitain on the north; but, by a regulation of Augustus, divided it in the middle running to the north of Burdegala, into the Aquitanic Ocean. It is now called Garonne. Mela observes, that unless it is swelled by winter rains, or the melting of the snow, it is for a great part of the year shoaly and scarcely navigable; but, when increased by the meeting tide, by which its waters are repelled, it is somewhat fuller, and the farther the river advances, it is broader, till at length it resembles an extensive frith; not only bearing large vessels, but swelling like a raging sea, and tossing them extremely, especially if the direction of the wind be one way and that of the current another.

J. Haddon, Printer, Finsbury.