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'The account books of a common farmer,' says Mr. Loudon, 'may be a cash book for all receipts and payments, specifying each; a ledger for accounts with dealers and tradesmen; and a stock book for taking an inventory and valuation of stock, crop, manures, tillages (and every thing that a tenant could dispose of or be paid for on quitting his farm), once a year. Farming may be carried on with the greatest accuracy and safety, as to money matters, by means of the above books, and a few pocket memorandum books for laborers' time, jobs, &c. With the exception of a time book (such as is hereafter described), we should never require more, even from a proprietor's bailiff; to many of whom the nine forms just given would only puzzle;-to some we have known them lead to the greatest errors and confusion. No form of books, or mode of procedure, will enable a farmer to know whether he is losing or gaining, but that of taking stock.'

The Time Book, Mr. Loudon recommends, may be made useful, as he suggests, in every department of agriculture and on every scale of management, though most necessary for bailiffs, where a number of day laborers are employed on improvements. It is a folio volume, ruled so

as to read across both pages, with columns titled, as in the specimen annexed. In this the bailiff or master inserts the name of every hand; and the time in days, or proportions of a day, which each person under his care has been at work, and the particular work he or she has been engaged in. At the end of each week the bailiff or master sums up the time from the preceding Saturday or Monday, to the Friday or Saturday inclusive; the sum due or to be advanced to each man is put in one column, and when the man receives it he writes the word received in the column before it, and signs his name as a receipt in the succeeding column. The Time Book, therefore, will show what every man has been engaged in during every hour in the year for which he has been paid, and it will also contain receipts for every sum, however trifling, which has been paid by the bailiff for rural labor.' 'In short, it would be difficult to contrive a book more satisfactory for both master and servant than the Time Book, as it prevents, as far as can well be done, the latter from deceiving either himself or his employer, and remains an authentic indisputable record of work done, and of vouchers for money paid during the whole period of the bailiff's services.'

No.7.

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field No.7.
church, Carting oats and Carting oats In the fallow field In the fallow In the fallow field There have been only
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No. 8.
Charlotte.
rick Levelling in No. In the garden. Buried the cow

Peter's Piece.

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At the new road at
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clay to No. 7.
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At the cow and Set a hen with nine eggs.

Crop now
two days of sunshine
this week, when the
thermometer was at
50 dex, and 52 deg. the
rest of the week cloudy
and cold, the ther-
mometer not above 48
deg. The fallows work!
well, and the clay
than usual. fuel
Hall the lime-burner,
burus with
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has got one of Booker's

new lime kilus nearly
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at Bawdry.

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7.

7.

FARMER (Hugh), a learned dissenting minister, born at Shrewsbury in 1714. He was descended from a respectable family in North Wales; and, after receiving the first part of his education at a school in Llangerin, was for some time under the tutorage of Dr. Charles Owen. When about sixteen years of age, he was sent to prosecute his studies under the celebrated Dr. Doddridge, at Northampton. Mr. Farmer first became chaplain in the family of William Coward, Esq. of Walthamstow in Essex, and minister to a dissenting congregation in that village. He next resided with William Snell, Esq., a respectable dissenter of the neighbourhood; and in his family Mr. Farmer lived for thirty years, still continuing his connexion with the congregation at Walthamstow. Upon the day of thanksgiving appointed for the suppression of the rebellion, in 1745, he delivered a very apposite sermon, which he was induced to publish the following year. His next publication was entitled An Enquiry into the Nature and Design of our Lord's Temptation in the Wilderness, 8vo. In this work Mr. Farmer labors to demonstrate that the whole of the temptations were transacted in vision, and that they were particularly intended to point out to Jesus the difficulties and duties of his subsequent ministry. Whatever singularity of opinion appeared in this work, the originality of thought and profound erudition with which it was supported, gained it a rapid and extensive circulation, and called forth the abilities of those who were of a different opinion. It is generally thought, however, that of all Mr. Farmer's lite rary productions, his Dissertation on Miracles, designed to show that they are arguments of a divine interposition, and absolute proofs of the mission and doctrine of a prophet, published in 1771, is the most masterly. Notwithstanding the many able treatises upon that subject, which have appeared, some have considered this work in many respects as without a rival. His next publication was An Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament, which he maintains to have been only natural diseases. This work seems to be a completion of what the author had designed in his Dissertation on Miracles. Mr. Farmer was for several years the sole pastor of the congregation at Walthamstow, but in 1761 an able colleague was appointed him, in consequence of which he became the afternoon preacher to the congregation of Salter's Hall, London, and, in a short time after, the Tuesday lecturer at the same place. As he advanced in years, he resigned his ministerial employments, much to the regret of the people under his charge. His last performance was entitled The General Prevalence of the Worship of Human Spirits in the Ancient Heathen Nations Asserted and Proved; which was attacked by Mr. Fell, in an acute and learned treatise in 1785. In the same year Mr. Farmer was afflicted with a disease in his eyes, which almost deprived him of sight. From this time, however, his infirmities increased, and he died at Walthamstow in 1787, in the seventythird year of his age. In his last will his executors were directed to burn all his manuscripts; but some of his letters and fragments of a Dissertation on the Story of Balaam, were published in 1804 with his life prefixed.

FARMER (Richard), an English divine and antiquary, born at Leicester in 1735. His father was a hosier in that town, and, after receiving the rudiments of his education there, he became a student at Cambridge, and pensioner of Emanuel College. Here his diligence and success in obtaining a knowledge of books, as well as the quickness of his memory, were early observed; and he was made B. A. in 1757, and M. A. in 1760, in which year also he was appointed classical tutor. After officiating some time as a curate, he, in 1767, took the degree of B. D. and became one of the preachers at Whitehall. While Mr. Farmer paid considerable attention to Grecian and Roman authors, he also applied himself particularly to old English literature; and An Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare, published in 1766, contributed principally to his literary fame. Of this performance, which was much admired for the sprightliness of its composition, three editions were sold in a very short time. Mr. Farmer was now noticed and patronised in his profession: by the influence of bishop Hurd, he was promoted to the chancellorship and a prebend in the cathedral of Litchfield; and in 1775 was chosen master of Emanuel College, and took his degree of D.D. Not long after, he was appointed principal librarian to the university, and served in turn the office of vicechancellor. Lord North, at that time primeminister, made him prebendary of Canterbury, and Mr. Pitt repeatedly offered him a bishopric; but the constraints and solemnity of the episcopal character did not suit his natural disposition, and he not only declined accepting a bishopric, but resigned his office as prebendary for a residentaryship of St. Paul's. By this it was necessary he should reside three months annually in London, and these he spent in the company of literary characters with pleasure and advantage. He was particularly instrumental in amending the police of Cambridge, with regard to the paving and lighting the streets. He had collected ample materials for a history of the town and antiquities of Leicester, which he intended to publish by subscription, but relinquished the design; and Mr. Nichols being engaged in writing a history of that county, the doctor gave what he had collected, with the plates, to him. Dr. Farmer died at Emanuel College, in 1797, in the sixtysecond year of his age. His collection of scarce and curious books, which was very extensive, was disposed of a short time after his death.

FARMINGTON, a large, pleasant, and wealthy town in Hartford county, Connecticut. The river meanders delightfully through charming intervales, which beautify and enrich this town. The houses, in the compact part of the town, stand chiefly on the street that runs north and south along the gentle declivity of a hill which ascends east of the vallies. About the centre of the street there is a large and handsome congregational church. This town was settled as early as 1645, and its boundaries were then very extensive. Several towns have been since taken from it. It lies ten miles south-west of Hartford.

FARN ISLANDS, two groups of little islands and rocks, seventeen in number, opposite to Bam

borough castle in Northumberland At low water the points of several others are visible besides the seventeen just mentioned. The nearest island to the shore is called the House Island, and lies exactly one mile and sixty-eight chains from the coast. The most distant is about seven or eight miles. Their produce is kelp, feathers, and a few seals, which the tenants watch and shoot for the sake of the oil and skins. Some of them yield a little grass that serves to feed a cow or two; which the people transport over in their little boats.

FARNABIE, or FARNABY (Thomas), an eminent grammarian, son of a London carpenter, was born in 1575. While at Oxford, being enticed to abandon his religion, he went to Spain, and was there educated in a college belonging to the Jesuits. Being weary of their severe discipline, he went with Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake in their last voyage in 1595. He was afterwards a soldier in the Low Countries: but being reduced to great want, returned to England, where after wandering about for some time, under the name of Thomas Bainrafe (the anagram of his name), he settled at Mattock in Somersetshire, and taught grammar with reputation. He removed to London, and opened a school. While here he was made M. A. at Cambridge, and incorporated into the university of Oxford. Thence he removed, in 1636, to SevenOaks in Kent; and raised a respectable school. Upon the breaking out of the civil war, in 1641, he was cast into prison. It was debated, in the house of commons, whether he should be sent to America; but, this motion being rejected, he was removed to Ely-house in Holborn, where he died, June 12th, 1647. Many writers have spoken with great approbation of his labors. M. Bayle says, his notes upon most of the ancient Latin poets have been of very great use to young beginners; being short, learned, and designed chiefly to clear up the text.'

FARNESE, the name of a distinguished family in Italy, of which the most remarkable were, 1. Peter Louis Farnese, the son of Alexander, afterwards pope Paul III. He was created duke of Parma and Placentia in 1545, but, becoming universally hated for his tyranny and debauchery, fell by the hands of an assassin in 1547. 2. His eldest son, Alexander, born 1520, was raised by Clement VII. to the see of Parma, and created a cardinal by his grandfather, Paul III. He was also dean of the Sacred College, and distinguished both by his learning and virtues. He was repeatedly employed as nuncio to the courts of Vienna and Paris, and died at Rome in 1589. 3. Alexander, third duke of Parma, was a nephew of his, and distinguished as a military commander under Philip II. of Spain. He succeeded Don John of Austria in the government of the Low Countries in 1578; and was designed to have commanded the Spanish army which embarked with the Armada for the conquest of England. He died in 1592 at Arras, aged fortysix.

FARNHAM, or FERNHAM, a market town of Surry, thirty-eight miles from London, and twelve west from Guildford. It is a populous place, situated on the Wey, and supposed to

have its name from the fern which abounded here. It was given by Ethelbald, king of the West Saxons, to the see of Winchester; the bishops of which have generally resided in the castle here, in summer, since the reign of king Stephen, whose brother, the then bishop, first built it. It was a magnificent structure, with deep moats, strong walls, towers, and a fine park; but it is much decayed. Adjoining the park is Jay's tower, the ascent to which is by sixty-three stone steps. This was partly beaten down by Cromwell's cannon. It now contains about forty-eight rods of land on its top, which is converted into a kitchen garden. This spot was annually visited by their late majesties durin the life of the late bishop Thomas. The town, which has many handsome houses, and well paved streets, is governed by twelve masters, of whom two are bailiffs, chosen annually. They have the profits of the fairs and markets, and the assize of bread and beer; and hold a court every three weeks, which has power of trying and determining all actions under 40s. From Michaelmas to Christmas there is a good market for oats; and a considerable wheat market between All Saint's day and Midsummer; but it is diminished since the people about Chichester and Southampton have so largely communicated with London by sea. This loss, however, is amply made up by the vast growth of hops, of which there are 700 or 800 acres of plantations about this town, said to excel the Kentish grounds both in quantity and quality. This town sent members to parliament in the reign of Edward II. but never since. The market is on Thursday; fairs on Holy Thursday, June 24th, and Nov. 2nd. There is also a market for Welsh hose.

FARNOVIUS (Stanislaus), a dissenter from the other Unitarians in 1568, who was followed by several persons eminent for their learning. He was induced by Gonesius to prefer the Arian system to that of the Socinians, and consequently asserted, that Christ had been produced out of nothing by the Supreme Being before the creation. He warned his disciples against paying religious worship to the Divine Spirit. He died

in 1615.

FARO, an island of Sweden, to the north-east of Gothland, in the Baltic. It is about thirty miles in circumference; and has a chief town of the same name on the east coast. Long. 19° 32′ 55′′ E., lat. 57° 56′ N.

FARO, a sea-port and bishop's see of Portugal, in Algarve, near Cape Santa Maria. It stands in a fertile plain; is fortified, and tolerably well built. Population 7000. The harbour is almost blocked up, but the roadstead has good anchorage; and a considerable export trade is carried on with England and other countries in sumach, wine, and cork. There are packet boats between this place and Gibraltar. It suffered severely from the earthquake of 1755; and is eighteen miles south-west of Tavira, and 130 south-east of Lisbon.

FARO OF MESSINA, a strait of the Mediterranean, between Sicily and Calabria, about seven miles across; so named from Cape Faro; remarkable for its tide ebbing and flowing with great rapidity every six hours. In this strait

the French obtained a naval victory over the Spaniards in 1675.

FAROE ISLANDS. See FERROE ISLES.

FARON, a mountain of France, in the department of Var, near Toulon, with a fort and redoubt on its top, which is 1718 feet above the sea level, and almost inaccessible, being nearly perpendicular. The British troops, under lord Mulgrave, were in possession of the fort, on the 30th September, 1793, when the French, by a very daring manoeuvre, seized the redoubt, but were driven from it on the 1st October, by the combined forces, with the loss of 2000 men.

FARQUHAR (George), an ingenious poet and dramatic writer, the son of an Irish clergyman, was born at Londonderry in 1678. He was sent to Trinity College, Dublin; but his volatile disposition soon led him to the stage; where, having dangerously wounded a brother actor in a tragic scene, by forgetting to change his sword for a foil, it affected him so much that he left the Dublin theatre and went to London. Here, by the interest of the earl of Orrery, he procured a lieutenant's commission; which he held several years, and gave many proofs both of courage and conduct. In 1698 he wrote his first comedy, called Love and a Bottle; which, for its sprightly dialogue and busy scenes, was well received. In 1700, the jubilee year at Rome, he brought out his Constant Couple, or a Trip to the Jubilee: and suited Mr. Wilkes's talents so well, in the character of Sir Henry Wildair, that the player gained almost as much reputation as the poet. This induced him to continue it in another comedy called Sir Harry Wildair, or The Sequel of the Trip to the Jubilee; in which Mrs. Oldfield acquired great applause. In 1703 appeared The Inconstant, or The Way to Win him; in 1704 a farce called The Stage-coach; in 1705 The Twin Rivals; and in 1706 The Recruiting Officer, founded on his own observations while on a recruiting party at Shrewsbury. His last comedy was The Beaux Stratagem, of which he did not live to enjoy the full success. Mr. Farquhar married in 1703. Before this time his manner of life had been dissipated; and the lady, who became his wife, having fallen violently in love with him, contrived to circulate a report that she was possessed of a large fortune. Interest and vanity, therefore, got the better of Farquhar's passion for liberty, and the lady and he were united in the hymeneal band. To his honor, however, it is recorded, that though he soon found himself deceived, he was not known to upbraid his wife with it; but became a most indulgent husband. Mrs. Farquhar, however, did not long enjoy the happiness she had thus purchased by this stratagem. The involvement of her husband, and the treachery of a court patron who persuaded him to sell his commission, brought on a decline, which at length carried him off in 1707, in the twenty-ninth year of his age. His plays still continue to be represented to full houses.

FARR (Samuel), M. D., was a native of Taunton, Somersetshire, and born in 1741. He was educated at Warrington grammar-school, and the universities of Edinburgh and Leyden. He afterwards established himself in his native

town, and was the author of several medical
tracts of merit, as An Inquiry into the propriety
of Phlebotomy in cases of Consumption, 8vo.;
An Essay on Acids; The History of Epidemics,
translated from the Greek of Hippocrates, 4to.;
The Elements of Medical Jurisprudence, 8vo.;
and Aphorismi de Marasmo, ex summis Medicis
collecti, 12mo. He died in 1795.
FARRA'GO, n. s. Lat. A mass formed
FARRA GINOUS, adj. confusedly of several in-
gredients; a medley formed of different materials.
Being a confusion of knaves and fools, and a furra-
ginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes,
and ages, it is but natural if their determinations
be monstrous, and many ways inconsistent with truth.
Browne's Vulgar Errours.

When we sleep, the faculty of volition ceases to act, and in consequence the uncompared trains of ideas become incongruous, and form the farrago of our dreams; in which we never experience any surprise, or sense of novelty. Darwin.

FARRANT (Richard), an English musical composer of eminence, held situations in the Chapel Royal and St. George's chapel at Windsor, from 1564 to 1580, and was remarkable for the devout and solemn style of his church music, much of which is found in the collections of Boyce and Barnard. His full anthem, 'Lord, for thy tender mercy's sake,' is still in use. FARʼRIER, n. s. & v. n. 2 Fr. ferrier; Ital. FARʼRIERY. S ferraro; Lat. ferrarius, of ferrum, iron. A shoer of horses; a horse doctor to farrier is to practice either or both of these callings: farriery is the art or calling thus practised. Which see below.

men.

But the utmost exactness in these particulars belongs to farriers, saddlers, smiths, and other tradesDigby. There are many pretenders to the art of farriering and cowleeching, yet many of them are very ignorant. Mortimer.

If you are a piece of a farrier, as every groom ought to be, get sack, or strong-beer, to rub your horses. Swift.

Most satirists are indeed a public scourge Their mildest physic is a farrier's purge; Their acrid temper turns, as soon as stirred, The milk of their good purpose all to curd.

Cowper. FARRIER, MILITARY, is a man appointed to do the duty of farriery in a troop of horse. These troop farriers are under the immediate superintendence of a veterinary surgeon, to whom they must apply whenever a horse is ill or lame, that he may report the same to the officer commanding the troop. When the farrier goes round, after riding out, or exercise on horseback, he must carry his hammer, pincers, and some nails, to fasten any shoe that may be loose. When horses at out-quarters fall particularly ill, or contract an obstinate lameness, the case must be reported to the head-quarters of the regiment; and the veterinary surgeon must, if time and distance will permit, be sent to examine the horse. No farrier must presume up any medicine, or any external application, without, or contrary to, the receipt given him by the veterinary surgeon. If any farrier, through carelessness or inattention, lames a horse belonging to another troop, he ought to be

to make

at all the expense in curing the horse so lamed. Farriers are in every respect liable to be tried according to the Articles of War.

FARRIERY. The treatment of the diseases of horses we refer to the article VETERINARY ART, fully feeling the propriety of seeking that superior professional treatment for horses of value which the English gentleman no longer expects to find either with his groom or his blacksmith. But farriery (Lat. ferrarius, from ferrum, iron) may with strict propriety describe a very useful and important employment of the latter, i. e. the shoeing of horses: we therefore propose to offer our observations on that art in this place.

Shoeing is a method of preserving the feet of horses. Some other auxiliary methods may first be noticed. For instance, when young horses are first taken from the field, their hoofs are observed to be cool, sound, and tough: but they are no sooner introduced into the stable, than their hoofs are greased or oiled two or three times a week and if they are kept much in the house standing upon hot dry litter, without being frequently led abroad, and without having an opportunity of getting their hoofs cooled and moistened in wet ground, their hoofs grow so brittle, dry, and hard, that pieces frequently break off, like chips from a hard stone; and, when driving the nails in shoeing, pieces will split off, even although the nails are made very fine and thin. If these same horses with brittle shattered hoofs are turned out to graze in the fields, their hoofs in time will become as sound, tough, and good, as they were at first.

Mr. Clarke of Edinburgh.ascribes this change to the wet and moisture which the hoofs are exposed to in the fields, of which water is the principal ingredient; and it is a certain fact, of which we have daily proofs, that, when all other means fail, horses, turned out to grass, will recover their decayed brittle hoofs. It is known, he observes, that the hoofs of horses are porous; and that insensible perspiration is carried on through these pores, in the same manner, and according to the same laws as take place in other parts of the body. Now every body knows, that greasy or oily medicines applied to the skin of the human body prevent perspiration, which is frequently attended with the worst consequences. The same reasoning will hold with respect to the hoofs of horses; for greasy applications close the pores of the hoof, by being absorbed into its inner substance. Hence the natural moisture, which should nourish the hoof, is prevented from arriving at its surface; which, on that account, becomes as it were dead, and consequently dry, brittle, and hard. The original practice of greasing horses' hoofs has probably taken its rise from observing, that grease or oil softens dead substances, such as leather, &c. But this will by no means apply to the hoofs of horses, as there is a very great difference between the living and dead parts of animals; the former having juices, &c., necessary for their own nourishment and support, whilst the latter require such applications as will preserve them only from dec ying and rotting.

Another practice, equally pernicious, is the stuffing up (as it is called) horses' hoofs with hot

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