ing in a contrary direction when the sec is introduced from the dominant to the tonic. One part may likewise resume the same subject in the octave or un son of the preceding; but in that case, it is a repetition rather than a real response 4. As the octave is divided into two unequal parts, of which the one contains four gradations descending from the tonic to the dominant, and the other only three in continuing the ascent from the dominant to the tonic; this renders it necessary to have some regard to this change in the expression of the subject, and to make some alterations in the response, that we may not quit the chords that are essential to the mode. It is a different case when the composer intends to alter the modulation; for these the exactness of the response itself, when taken in a different tone, produces the alteration proper for this change. 5. The fugue should be planned in such a manner, that the response may commence before the close of the best air, so that both the one and the other may be in part heard at the same time that, by this anticipation, the subject may be as it were connected with itself, and that the art of the composer may discover itself in this concourse. It is absolute mockery, instead of a fugue, to impose upon the hearers the same air, merely transposed from one key to another, without any other restraint than an accompaniment afterwards formed at pleasure. This deserves at best no better name than what the French call imitation. See IMITATION. answer in longer or shorter notes than the theme. All fugues and canons are imitations; but the term imitation is only applied to irregular fugues, when the intervals are not the same. The answer to a regular fugue may commence in the middle of the subject, which will unite them together, and make them reciprocally accompaniments to each other. The fugued style, says Mr. Donnely, is that where all the parts are nearly of the same importance, and where the harmony, whether for two, three, or four parts, is rich, pure, and concise; a style in which, not only all commonplace passages are carefully avoided, but every thing unworthy of the attention of the learned. This style is, and ever will be, that which the connoisseur and man of taste will esteem the most, not only because it is the most difficult, but because it is not subjected to the caprice of a frivolous and transitory taste, as is the case with most other musical productions, which get out of fashion, and never resist time. For this reason, the works of Handel, Marcello, Sebastian Bach, &c., have, for us, the same interest they had for past generations. There are some admirable specimens of fugues, in Clementi's Practical Harmony, a work, which has, in a most extraordinary degree, improved the taste for good music in England.' It is impossible to enumerate all the ingenious contrivances that have been used in the works of great fughists. The following are the most frequent. FUGA PER ARSIN ET THESIN, or fugue in contrary motion. FUGA PER CONTRARI MOVIMENTI. FUGA IN CONSEQUENZA, is sometimes used for canon. FUGA OMOFONA, a fugue in unison. FUGA LIBERA, free fugue. A canon is so called. FUGA LEGATA, and a strict fugue, a canon. FUL CIMENT, n. s.. Lat. fulcimen, fulcimentum. That on which a body rests, which acts or is acted upon at each end, as a balance or a lever. The power that equiponderates with any weight, must have the same proportion unto it, as there is betwixt their several distances from the centre or fulci Rousseau defines a fugue a piece of music in which a trait of melody, called the subject, is treated, according to certain established rules of harmony and modulation in making it pass successively and alternately from one part to another. The subject resembles the text of a sermon, out of which all that is said should naturally arise, and serve as a commentary and illustration. But though, for variety, or to indulze caprice, fugues and canons have been composed in all intervals, yet orthodox contrapuntists allow no fugues to be regular, but those of which the answer is made in the fifth, fourth, eighth, or unison, as then the intervals will be the same. And of the answers, the preference is given to the fifth, then to the fourth, eighth and unison; as the effect is pleasing in that order. It must be remembered that the subject itself, as of all other movements, should begin on the key note, its fifth or its eighth. Of the various rules by which a true answer to a fugue may be tried, Dr. Pepusch advises solmisation; Padre Martini the modes of the Romish church, called authentic and plagal: both good in the three hexachords and their minor relatives; but in transposed keys, in which several flats or sharps occur at the clef, there is no rule more certain and unexceptionable than giving the answer in exactly the same intervals as the subject, only remembering that if one part rises a fifth, the other will only rise a fourth, as Crich arable lands. It was erected into a bishopric, G G-C - et e contra: as G✯ C X CG. But this is only in leading off. The rest of the answer must be in the same intervals, and characters for time, as the subject, except in prolation, augmentation and diminution, which give the ment. Wilkins. FULCRUM, in mechanics, the prop or support by which a lever is sustained. FULCRUM, in botany. See BOTANY, Index. FULDA, or FULDE, a province, once an episcopal principality of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, bounded on the north by Hesse Cassel, east by Henneberg, south by Wurzburg, and west by Isemburg and Hesse. It now belongs chiefly to Hesse Cassel, and is forty miles long, and from seven to twenty-five broad containing 642 square miles; and is full of woods, mountains, medicinal springs, and in 1752, by Boniface XIV. This is a mountainous district, and little adapted to tillage in any part: but the pasturage is extensive, and the culture of culinary vegetables considerable. The inhabitants are generally poor, and manufacture nothing but a little yarn, and linen. The Fulda is the chief river, and the town of that name, described hereafter, the capital. In 1802 the territory was secularised, and given to the prince of Nassau Orange: but Buonaparte seized it in 1810. In 1814 a portion of this district, containing 27,000 inhabitants, was given to Saxe Weimar, and the rest to Prussia, who has subsequently ceded her portion to Hesse-Cassel, and the latter government has given it the title of the grand duchy of Fulda, with a constitution of its own. It is divided into eight bailiwics. Population 64,000. FULDA, OF FULDE, the capital of the above principality, has a celebrated abbey, erected by Benedictine monks, in 744. The abbot was formerly primate of the imperial abbeys, and chancellor to the emperor. It is seated on the river of this name, fifty-five miles south of Cassel, fifty-eight north of Frankfort, and sixty-three E. N. E. of Mentz. Here is a university or lyceum with six teachers, and an ecclesiastical academy, the inhabitants manufacture woollen, linen, and earthenware. Population 7500. FULDA (Charles Frederic), a Protestant ecclesiastic, born at Wimpfen, in 1722, possessed considerable learning, as well as some skill in mechanics, and was the author of Treatises, On the Goths; On the Cimbri; On the ancient German Mythology; A Chart of History; and a Dictionary of the German Roots. He died in 1788, at Einzingen. FULFILL, v. a. (Full and fill.) To fulfill is literally to fill quite full, that is, to bring about full to the wishes of a person: it also signifies to accomplish, or to keep to the end, or to the full extent. ye Woo to you that ben fulfillid, for schulen hungur. Wiclif. Luk. vi. And it was don whanne the dayes of his office weren fulfillid: he wente into his hous. Id. O Salomon! richest of all richesse, Id. The Pardonere and Tapstere. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida. My exaltation, and my whole delight, Thy fall hath left a kind of blot To mark the fulfraught man, the best endued, As from a cloud his fulgent head, Milton's Parudise Lost, The illumination is not so bright and fulgent as to obscure or extinguish all perceptibility of reason. More's Divine Dialogues. FULGENTIUS (St.), an orthodox father, of the fifth century, born at Talepta, in 468, of a noble family. Though he had a liberal education, and a lucrative post, he left it and turned monk. In 507 he was elected bishop of Ruspa; but was banished, with the other trinitarian African bishops, by Thrasimond, the Arian king of the Vandals; on whose death they were recalled. Fulgentius died in 533. His works were printed at Paris in 1 vol. 4to. 1684. FULGORA, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of hemiptera. The characters are these: The front or fore part of the head is drawn extended and empty; the antennæ are seated below the eyes, having two articulations, whereof the exterior is larger, and of a globular form; the rostrum is reflected, or bent inwards under the body; and the feet are made for walking. There are twenty-five species, the most remarkable of which are: F. candelaria, or lantern fly. The head and thorax are generally of a ruddy brown; and the ground color of the elytra is fresh green, but quaintly figured with spots of a yellowish clay color, sometimes pale, at other seasons of a deeper hue. The wings are of a deep and beau tiful yellow, with a broad band of glossy black bordering the extremities. The tarsi of the feet are composed of three articulations, and are paler than the legs and thighs, which are brown. When the insect is on the wing, the waving of the elytra (whose thinness renders the spots thereon transparent), assisted by the luminous quality peculiar to the tribe, and the golden yellow of the under wings, bordered with black, occasion the flashes they dart around in the night. It is an inhabitant of China. F. Europea. Front conic; body green, wings byaline, reticulate: inhabiting Europe; and the only species of the genus found in England. It was the earliest discovered in Europe, hence its specific name. FULGOR', n. s. Lat. fulgor; fulguratio. FULGURATION, n. s. ) Dazzling brightness, like that of lightning; the act of lightning. Glow-worms alive project a lustre in the dark; which fulgour, notwithstanding, ceaseth after death. Browne. FULHAM, a village of Middlesex, four miles from London. The Danes in 869 wintered at this place till they retired to the continent. In William the Conqueror's time it was held of the king by the canons of St. Paul's; and there is an ancient house in it, which is moated about, and belongs to the see of London, whose bishop has a palace here, and the demesne has belonged to that diocese from 1067. From this place to Putney there is a wooden bridge over the Thames, where not only horses, coaches, and all carriages, but even foot passengers, pay toll. The church here is both a rectory and a vi carage. FULICA, in ornithology, the gallinule and coot, a genus of birds of the order of grallæ. The bill convex: the upper mandible fornicated over the lower at the edge; the lower mandible is gibbous behind the tip. The forehead is bald; and the feet have four toes, subpinnated. There are twenty-five species; eighteen of which belong to the gallinule division, distinguished by having the toes furnished with broad scalloped membranes; and seven comprehend the coots which have the toes divided to their origin. The following are among the most remarkable: F. aterrima, the greater coot, is of a larger size than the common coot, and its plumage is blacker. This species is found in Lancashire and Scotland; but is more plentiful on the continent, being found in Russia, and the west of Siberia very common; also at Sologne and the neighbouring parts, where they call it judelle. Its flesh is much esteemed. F. atra, the common coot, has a bald forehead, a black body and lobated toes; and is about fifteen inches long. They frequent lakes and still rivers; making their nests among the rushes, with grass, reeds, &c., floating on the water, so as to rise and fall with it. They lay five or six large eggs, of a dirty whitish hue, sprinkled over with minute deep rust-colored spots; and it is said, that they will lay fourteen or more. The young when just hatched are very deformed, and the head mixed with a red coarse down. In winter they often repair to the sea, and the channel near Southampton is sometimes observed almost covered with them. They are often brought to that market, where they are exposed to sale without their feathers, and scalded like pigs. This species is not numerous, for vast numbers fall a prey while young to the buzzards, which frequent the marshes. Their food is small fish and water insects; but they sometimes eat the roots of the bulrush, and with it feed their young; they are said likewise to eat grain. This species is supposed to extend throughout the old continent, and perhaps the new also. It inhabits Greenland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Siberia, Persia, China, and many of the intermediate parts. It is also met with in Jamaica, Carolina, and other parts of North America. The Indians about Niagara dress the skins, and use them for pouches. They are called in Carolina, flus in the very waters, if they be weedy. It builds upon low trees and shrubs by the water side; breeding twice or thrice in a summer; and, when the young are grown up, drives them away to shift for themselves. The hen lays seven eggs of a dirty white, thinly spotted with rust color. The gallinule strikes with its bill, and in spring has a shrill call. In flying, it hangs down its legs; and in running, it often flirts up its tail, and shows the white feathers. The bottoms of its toes are so very flat and broad (to enable it to swim) that it seems to be the species which connects the cloven-footed aquatics with the fin-toed. It is pretty common on the continent, and inhabits America, from New York to Carolina; as well as Jamaica and other islands in the West Indies. It feeds on plants and small fish, and the flesh is pretty good. F. porphyrio, the purple gallinule, is about the size of a fowl, or seventeen inches in length. The bill is an inch and a half long, and of a deep red color. The forehead is bare and red; the head and hind part of the neck are glossy violet; the legs are very stout, and of the color of the bill. This species is more or less common in all the warmer parts of the globe. On the coasts of Barbary they abound, as well as in some of the islands of the Mediterranean. In Sicily they are bred in plenty, and kept for their beauty. They are often met with in the south of Russia and west of Siberia, among reedy places; and near the Caspian Sea; but in the cultivated rice grounds of Ghilar, in Persia, they are in great plenty and high plumage. The female makes the nest among the reeds in the middle of March; lays three or four eggs, and sits from three to four weeks. That they are common in China, the Chinese paper hangings testify. They are also met with in the East Indies, the island of Java, Madagascar, &c. They are also common in South America. They are very docile, easily tamed, and feed with the poultry; scratching the ground with their feet, like our cocks and hens. They feed on fruits, roots, and grain, but eat fish with avidity, dipping them in the water before swallowing. They often stand on one leg, and lift the food to their mouths with the other. A pair of them, kept in an aviary in France, made a nest of small sticks mixed with a quantity of straw, and laid six white eggs, perfectly round; but the hen was careless of them, and they produced nothing. The flesh is said to be exquisite. FULIG'INOUS, adj. Fr. fuligineur-se; Lat. fuliginosus. Sooty; smoky. liginous vapours of dusky melancholy, and so cure Burrage hath an excellent spirit to repress the fu madness. Bacon. FULK (William), D. D., an eminent English divine, born at London, in the sixteenth century. He was patronised by the earl of Leicester, who, in 1571, presented him to the livings of Warley and Diddington. He attended Leicester, when he went ambassador to France; and on his return was made master of Pembroke-hall, and Margaret professor of divinity in Cambridge. His works are very numerous, and chiefly against the Papists; the most noted is his Comment on the Rhemish New Testament. He died in 1589. FULL, adj., n. s. & adv. Sax. pulle; Goth. FULLY, adv. full; Teut. ful; Belg. FULNESS, n. s. vol; perhaps of Gr. Aεog, TλEOS. Replete; without vacuity; leaving no space void: stored; well supplied: plump; fat; saturated; complete; without abatement; strong; not faint; not attenuated; mature; perfect: applied to the moon when complete in its orb: spread to view in all dimensions. The idea of fulness is plenitude, and is used either in the proper sense to express the state of objects that are full, or in the improper sense to express great quantity, which is the accompaniment of fulness. See Crabb. Full is much used in composition, instances of which immediately follow the illustrations of this adjective and its deri vatives. And the fast was ful nygh, a feeste day of the Jewis. Wiclif. Jon. vi. Better is an handful with quietness, than both the hands full with travel and vexation of spirit. Valley full of chariots. Eccl. iv. 6. Isaiah. Psalms. The trees of the Lord are full of sap. Chaucer. Lament of Mary Magdeleine. Full wos the fest of deinties and richesse, Of instrumentes, of song, and of gladnesse. Id. The Legende of Good Women. This markis yet his wif to tempten more,― To the uttereste prefe of hire corage Fully to have experience and lore,If that she were as stedfast as before; He on a day in open audience, Ful boisteresly, hath said hire this sentence. Id. The Clerkes Tale. Tell me why on your shield, so goodly scored, Bear ye the picture of that lady's head? Full lively is the semblant, though the substance dead. Spenser. There are many graces for which we may not cease hourly to sue, graces which are in bestowing always, but never come to be fully had in this present life; and therefore, when all things bere have an end, endless thanks must have their beginning in a state which bringeth the full and final satisfaction of all auch perpetual desires. I was set at work Hooker. The swan's down feather, Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra. The king hath won, and hath sent out We'll see those things affected to the full. Id. The king set forwards to London, receiving the acwhich indeed were true and unfeigned, as might well clamations and applauses of the people as he went; appear in the very demonstration and fulness of the cry. Bacon's Henry VII. Barrels placed under the floor of a chamber, make all noises in the same more full and resounding. Id. Natural History. Brains in rabbits, woodcocks, and calves, are fullest in the full of the moon. Id. The alteration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye, before it be full of the same object. Bacon. Followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the commendation of those they follow, are full of inconvenience; they taint business through want of secrecy, and export honour from a man, and make him a return Id. in envy. To the houses I wished nothing more than safety, fulness, and freedom. King Charles. I need not instance in the habitual intemperance of rich tables, nor the evil accidents and effects of fulness, pride and last, wantonness and softness. Taylor's Rule of Holy Laving. Where my expressions are not so full as his, either our language of my art were defective; but where mine are fuller than his, they are but the impressions which the often reading of him have left upon my thoughts. Denham. That must be our cure, Id. Paradise Lost. Therewith he ended, making a fuli point of a hearty sigh. Sidney With pretence from Strephon her to guard, He met her full, but full of warefulness. Your enjoyments are so complete, I turn wishes in c congratulations, and congratulating their fulness only wish their continuance. Senath The most judicious writer is sometimes mistaken after all his care; but the hasty critick, who judges on a view, is full as liable to be deceived. Drysen. Are fully proved by your accomplices, And all which circumstance can add to aid them, Yet we would hear from your own lips complete Avowal of your treason. Id. Doge of Venice. FULL, V. a. Sax. Fullian; Swed. FULLAGE, n.s. fulla; Latin fullo. To FULLER, N. s. cleanse cloth from its oil FULLERY, n. s. or grease the money FULLINGMILL, n. s. paid for fulling or cleansing cloth: one whose trade is to cleanse cloth; the place where the trade of a fuller is exercised: and the fullingmill is a mill where the water raises hammers, which beat the cloth till it be cleansed. His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so as no fuller on earth can whiten them. Mark ix. 3. The clothiers have put off Shakspeare. He who with bold Cratinus is inspired, And steers against it with a full-blown sail. Id. FULL-BOTTOMED, adj. Full and bottom. Having a large bottom. I was obliged to sit at home in my morning-gown, having pawned a new suit of cloaths and a full-bottomed wig for a sum of money. Guardian. FULL-EA'RED. adj. Full and ear. Having the heads full of grain. As flames rolled by the winds conspiring force, O'er full-eared corn, or torrents raging course. Denham. FULLER (Andrew), a distinguished dissenting divine, secretary to the Baptist Missionary Society, was born at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, in 1754. His father was a small farmer, who gave his son the rudiments of education at the free-school of Soham, and in 1775, on an invitation to become the pastor of a congregation at that place, he entered into the ministry and married. After a few years' residence at Soham, he accepted a similar charge at Kettering, where he wrote and published his Treatise on Faith. In the establishment of the Baptist Missionary Society, by Dr. Carey and others, Mr. Fuller exerted himself with great energy, and the whole of his future life was identified with its labors. He was also an able controversialist, and his treatise On the Calvinistic and Socinian Systems compared as to their Moral Tendency, attracted much attention. His other works, besides various published sermons, are Socinianism Indefensible; The Gospel its own Witness; Memoirs of Samuel Pearce; An Enquiry into the nature of Religious Declension; Discourses on the Book of Genesis; Dialogues, Letters, and Essays, 12mo.; Apology for the Christian Missions to India, &c. &c. eulogy upon Mr. Fuller, from the pen of the Rev. Rob. Hall, is so creditable to both parties, that we must gratify our readers by subjoining it. It occurs in a controversial pamphlet, On Terms of Communion, respecting which Mr. Fuller differed with the writer. The 'It has been insinuated that the author has taken an unfair advantage of his opponents, by choosing to bring forward this disquisition just at the moment when we have to lament the loss of a person whose judgment would have disposed, and his abilities enabled him to do ample justice to the opposite side of the question. He can assure his readers, that none entertained a higher veneration for Mr. Fuller than himself, notwithstanding their difference of sentiment on this subject; and that, when he entered on this discussion, it was with the fullest expectation of |