was mingled with such romantic tales that it remained disbelieved in modern times until the trading vessels, which frequent this coast, in the fur trade, having approached the shore from which captain Cook had been driven by contrary winds, discovered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca between the forty-eighth and forty-ninth parallels. Captain Meares, in particular, who visited this coast in 1788, was anxious to explore this inlet, and he accordingly equipped his boat on an expedition for that purpose. After his crew had entered the inlet, they were attacked by the inhabitants, who collected around them in canoes. A desperate attack was commenced. The savages had greatly the advantage in point of numbers, and were armed with clubs, spears, bows and arrows, and slings; but the courage of captain Meares's crew prevailed, and the assailants though with great difficulty were repulsed. Captain Meares, however, in consequence of these hostile dispositions of the inhabitants, abandoned all further thoughts of exploring this shore.

Vancouver arrived on this part of the American coast in 1792, and discovered this inlet, in lat, 48° 23′ 30′′: continuing his course almost directly into the continent for nearly 100 miles he found that the strait bore round to the north-west and south-east. The southerly branch was found to terminate at the distance of about seventy miles, in lat. 47° 21′ N. long. 237° 6′ E., in low and apparently swampy lands. This branch was accurately surveyed in its numerous inlets by captain Vancouver, and after running in a northwest direction, generally parallel with the coast, was found to issue in the Pacific Ocean, by Queen Charlotte's Sound, in N. lat. 51° 45', long. 232° 1' E. The investigation was conducted with great perseverance, and through a course of perilous navigation, occasioned by the numerous islands and sunken rocks. The inhabitants were generally friendly; but on one occasion they showed an intention of attacking a boat's crew, and it was only by the conviction of the powerful means of resistance possessed by the British, that they desisted from this attempt. At some of the villages along the shore they were found well armed with muskets, and dexterous marks

men.

FUCINUS LACUS, in ancient geography, a lake of Italy, in the country of the Marsi, now called Celano, from a cognominal citadel, in the south of Abruzzo Ultra. According to the testimony of ancient authors, it was subject to extraordinary risings and decreasings. The actual circumference is about thirty-five miles: the breadth in the widest part is ten, in the narrowest four; its depth twelve feet upon an average. All round this noble piece of water rises a circle of grand mountains, some of them the highest in Italy, except the Alps, and many of them covered with snow. At the foot of them are numerous villages, with rich and well cultivated farms. As the swelling of the lake was attended with incredible damage, the Marsi had often petitioned the senate to drain it, and Julius Cæsar would have attempted it, had he lived. His successors were averse to the project, until Claudius, who delighted in expensive difficult enterprises, undertook it. During the space of eleven

years he employed 30,000 men in digging a passage through the mountain; and, when every thing was ready for letting off the water, exhibited a superb naval spectacle on the lake. A great number of condemned criminals were obliged to act the parts of Rhodians and S.cilians in separate fleets; to engage in earnest, and to destroy one another, for the entertainment of the court and the multitude of spectators that covered the hills. A line of well armed vessels and rafts loaded with soldiers surrounded the scene of action, to prevent any of the wretches from escaping; but it was with great difficulty and many threats that they could be brought to engage. When this savage diversion was ended, the operations for opening the outlet commenced, and the emperor was very near being swept away and drowned, by the sudden rushing of the waters. However, either through the ignorance or negligence of the engineers the work did not answer as was expected, and Claudius did not live long enough to have the faults amended; and none of the water now escapes except through hidden channels formed by nature, which are probably subject to be obstructed, and thus occasion a superabundance of water in the lake, till some unknown cause remove the obstructions and again give free passage. Sir William Hamilton says, It is the most beautiful lake I ever saw, and it would be complete if the neighbouring mountains were better wooded.' It furnishes abundance of fish, though not of the best quality. There are a few large trouts, with many tenches, barbels, and dace. In the shallow water on the borders of the lake, he saw thousands of water snakes pursuing and preying upon a little kind of fish like our thornbacks, but much better armed; though their defensive weapons seemed to avail them but little against such ravenous foes. Claudius's Outlet he describes as still entire, though filled with earth and rubbish in many parts. He went into it with torches as far as he could. It is a covered canal, three miles long, and part of it cut through hard rock; and other parts supported by mason work, with wells to give light. Adrian is said to have let off the waters of the lake: and our author is of opinion, that, if the canal were cleared and repaired, it would still answer that purpose, and thereby restore a great deal of rich land fit for cultivation.

FU'CUS, n. s. Į Lat. fucatus. Paint for the FU'CATED, adj. face: painted; disguised with paint: disguised by false show.

Women chat

Of fucus this, and fucus that.

Ben Jonson, Those who paint for debauchery should have the fucus pulled off, and the coarseness underneath disCollier. covered.

Fucus, in antiquity, a name given to certain dyes and paints; particularly to a purple sea plant used to dye woollen and linens of that color. The dye, says Theophrastus, was very heautiful, but not lasting; for it soon began to change, and in time went wholly off. The women also used a substance called fucus to stam their cheeks red; and many have supposed that the same substance was used on both occasions; but this, on a strict enquiry, proves not to be the case. The Greeks called every thing peg that

would stain or paint the flesh. But this peculiar substance, used by the women to paint their cheeks, was distinguished from the others by the name of rizion among the more accurate writers, from piša, a root; and was indeed a root brought from Syria into Greece. The Latins, in imitation of the Greek name, called this root radicula and Plny erroneously confounds the plant with the radix lunaria, or spultov of the Greeks. The name fucus was in those times such a universal name for paint, that the Greeks and Romans had a fucus metallicus, which was the ceruse used for painting the neck and arms white: after which they used the purpurissum, or red fucus of the rizium, to give the color to the cheeks. In after times they also used a fucus or paint for the purpose, prepared of the creta argentaria, or silver chalk, and some of the rich purple dyes that were in use at that time. and this seems to have been very little different from our rose-pink, a color used on like occasions.

Fucus, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order of algæ, and cryptogamia class of plants. All the species afford a quantity of impure alkaline salt. The most remarkable are the following:

F. ciliatus, the ciliated or ligulated fucus, is found on the shores of Iona and other places, but is not common. The color is red, the substance membranous and pellucid, without rib or nerve; the ordinary height of the whole plant about four or five inches. It is variable in its appearance according to the different stages of its growth. It is eaten by the Scotch and Irish promiscuously with dilse.

F. esculentus, the eatable fucus, or bladderlocks, commonly called tangle in Scotland, is likewise a native of the British shores. It is commonly about four feet long, and seven or eight inches wide; but is sometimes found three yards or more in length, and a foot in width. Small specimens are not above a cubit long, and two inches broad. The substance is thin, membranaceous, and pellucid; the color green or olive. The root consists of tough cartilaginous fibres. The stalk is about six inches long, and half an inch wide, nearly square, and pinnated in the middle between the root and origin of the leaf, with ten or twelve pairs of thick, cartilaginous, oval, obtuse, foliaceous ligaments, each about two inches long, and crowded together. The leaf is of an oval lanceolate, or long elliptic form, simple and undivided, waved on the edges, and widely ribbed in the middle from bottom to top; the stalk running through its whole length, and standing out on both sides of the leaf. It is eaten in the north both by men and cattle. Its proper season is September, when it is in perfection. The membraneous part is rejected, and the stalk only is eaten.

F. giganteus, the gigantic fucus, is a native of the Straits of Le Maire; and grows on rocky ground, which in those countries is distinguished from sand or ooze by the enormous length of the sea-weeds that grow upon it. The leaves are four feet long and some of the stalks, though not thicker than a man's thumb, are 120. Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander sounded over some of them which were eighty-four feet deep; and, as they made a very acute angle with the

bottom, they were thought to be at least one half longer.

F. palmatus, the palmated or sweet fucus, commonly called dulse, or dilse, grows plentifully on our sea-coasts and islands. Its substance is membraneous, thin, and pellucid; the color red, sometimes green, with a little mixture of red; its length generally about five or six inches, but varies from three to twelve: it is fan-shaped, or gradually dilated from the base upwards. Its divisions are extremely various. The inhabitants, both of Scotland and England, take pleasure in eating this plant; and women of weak habits often recover an appetite by eating it raw. The inhabitants of the Archipelago also are fond of it, as we learn from Steller. They sometimes eat it raw, but esteem it most when added to ragout, oglios, &c., to which it gives a red color; and, dissolving, renders them thick and gelatinous. In the Isle of Skye, it is sometimes used in fevers to promote perspiration, being boiled in water with butter. In this manner it also frequently purges. The dried leaves when infused in water, exhale the scent of violets.

F. pinnatifidus, the jagged fucus, or pepper dilse, is frequent on sea-rocks which are covered by the tides, both on the east and west coasts. It is of a yellow-olive color, often tinged with red The substance is cartilaginous, but tender and transparent; the height about two or three inches. This species has a hot taste in the mouth, and is therefore called pepper dilse, in this country. It is often eaten as a salad, like the preceeding.

F. plicatus, the matted or Indian grass fucus, grows on the sea-shores in many places of Scotland and England. It is generally about three or four, sometimes six inches long. Its color, after being exposed to the sun and air, is yellowish, or auburn; its substance pellucid, tough, and horny, so as to bear a strong resemblance to what the anglers call Indian grass.

F. plocamium, or pectinated fucus, is frequent on the sea-rocks, and in basins of water left by the recess of the tides. Its natural color is a most beautiful bright red or purple, but is often variegated with white or yellow. Its substance is cartilaginous, but extremely thin, delicate, and transparent; its height commonly about three or four inches. The stalk is compressed about half a line in diameter, erect, but waved in its growth, and divided almost from the base into many widely expanded branches. These primary branches are very long, alternate, exactly like the stalk, and subdivided into alternate secondary branches; which are again frequently compounded in like manner, and these divisions decorated with subulated teeth, growing in alternate rows, curiously pectinated or toothed on the upper side like a comb, the smallest of these teeth scarcely visible to the naked eye. The fructifications are minute spherical capsules, or smooth dark-red globules, scattered without order on the sides of the branches; generally sessile, but some few of them supported on short peduncles. This species, on account of its elegant colors and fine divisions, is the species most admired by those

who are fond of pictures and mimic landscapes, composed of marine vegetables.

F. prolifer, the proliferous fucus, is found on the shores of the western coast, adhering to shells and stones. The color is red; the substance membranaceous, but tough, and somewhat cartilaginous, without rib or nerve, though thicker in the middle than at the edges. Its whole length is about four or five inches, the breadth of each leaf about a quarter of an inch. The growth of this fucus, when examined with attention, appears to be extremely singular and wonderful. It takes its origin either from a simple, entire, narrow, elliptic leaf, about an inch and a half long; or from a dilated forked one, of the same length. Near the extremity of the elliptic leaf, or the points of the forked one (but out of the surface, and not out of the edge), arise one or more elliptic forked leaves, which produce other similar ones, in the same manner, near the summits; and so on continually one or more leaves from the ends of each other, in a proliferous and dichotomous order, to the top of the plant which in the manner of its growth much resembles the cactus opuntia, or flat-leaved Indian fig. Sometimes two or three leaves, or more, grow out of the middle of the disc of another leaf; but this is not the common order of their growth. The fructifications are red, spherical, rough warts, less than the smallest pin's head, scattered without order on the surface of the leaves. These warts, when highly magnified, appear to be the curled rudiments of young leaves; which in due time either drop off and form new plants, or continue on and germinate upon the parent. The plant is very much infested with the flustra pilosa, the mandrepora verrucaria, and other corallines, which make it appear as if covered with white scabs.

F. saccharinus, the sweet fucus or sea belt, is very common on the sea coast. Its substance is cartilaginous and leathern; and the leaf is quite ribless. By these characters it is distinguished from the esculentus, to which it is nearly allied. It consists only of one simple, linear, elliptic leaf, of a tawny-green color, about five feet long, and three inches wide in its full grown state; but varies so exceedingly as to be found from a foot to four yards in length. The ordinary length of the stalk is two inches, but it varies even to a foot. The root is composed of branched fibres, which adhere to the stones like claws. This plant is often infested with the sertularia ciliata. The inhabitants of Iceland make a kind of pottage of it; boiling it in milk and eating it with a spoon. They also soak it in fresh water, dry it in the sun, and then lay it up in wooden vessels, where it is soon covered with a white efflorescence of sea salt, which has a sweet taste like sugar. This they eat with butter; but if taken in too great a quantity, the salt is apt to irritate the bowels. Their cattle feed and get fat upon this plant, both in its recent and dry state; but their flesh acquires a bad flavor. It is sometimes eaten by the people on the coast of England, boiled as a pot-herb.

F. serratus, the serrated fucus, or sea wrack, is frequent at all seasons upon the sea rocks at low water mark, but produces its seeds in July and

August. It consists of a flat, radical, and dicho tomous leaf, about two feet long; the branches half an inch wide, serrated on the edges with dents of unequal size, and at unequal distances, having a flat stalk or rib divided like the leaf, and running in the middle of it through all its various ramifications. A small species of coralline, called by Linnæus sertularia pumila, frequently creeps along the leaf. This species affords a much smaller quantity of alkaline salt than most others, eight oz. of the ashes yielding only three of fixed salt. The Dutch cover their crabs and lobsters with this fucus to keep them alive and moist; and prefer it to any other, as being destitute of those mucous vesicles with which some of the rest abound, and which would sooner ferment and become putrid.

F. vesiculosus, the bladder fucus, common sea wrack, or sea ware, grows in great abundance on the sea rocks about low water mark; producing its fructifications in July and August. It has the same habit, color, and substance, as the foregoing; but the edges of the leaf have no serratures, being quite entire; in the disc or surface are immersed hollow, spherical, or oval air-bladders, hairy within, growing generally in pairs, but often single in the angles of the branches, which are probably destined to buoy up the plant in the water: and, on the extreme segments of the leaves, appear tumid vesicles about three quarters of an inch long, sometimes oval and in pairs, sometimes single and bifid, with a clear viscid mucus interspersed with downy hairs.-This species is an excellent manure for land; for which purpose it is often applied in the maritime parts of Scotland and other countries.

In the islands of Jura and Skye it serves as a winter food for cattle, which regularly come down to the shores at the recess of the tides to seek it. And sometimes even the stags, after a storm, descend from the mountains to the sea-sides to feed upon it. Linnæus informs us, that the inhabitants of Gothland boil it in water, and, mixing a little coarse meal or flour, feed their hogs with it; for which reason they call the plant swintang. And in Scania, he says, the poor people cover their cottages with it, and sometimes use it for fuel. In Jura, and some other of the Hebrides, the inhabitants dry their cheeses without salt, by covering them with the ashes of this plant; which abounds with such a quantity of salts, that from five oz. of the ashes may be procured two and a half of fixed alkaline salts. But the most beneficial use, to which the fucus vesiculosus is applied, is in making potash, or kelp, a work much practised in the Western Isles. There is a great difference in the goodness and price of this commodity, and much care and skill required in properly making it. That is esteemed the best which is hardest, finest grained, and free from sand or earth. The process of making it is this: when it is cut, it is carried to the beach and dried; and a hollow is dug in the ground, three or four feet wide; round its margin is laid a row of stones, on which the sea-weed is placed, and set on fire within; and, quantities of this fuel being continually heaped upon the circle, there is in the centre a perpetual flame, from which a liquid,

like melted metal, drops into the hollow beneath: when it is full, as it commonly is ere the close of day, all heterogeneous matter being removed, the kelp is wrought with iron rakes, and brought to a uniform consistence in a state of fusion. When cool, it consolidates into a heavy dark-colored alkaline substance, which undergoes in the glass-houses a second vitrification, and assumes a perfect transparency.

Kelp is generally divided into two kinds; the cut-weed kelp, and the drift-weed kelp; the former made from the weed which has been recently cut from the rocks, the latter from that which has been drifted ashore. The latter is supposed to yield a kelp of inferior quality. Weed which has been exposed to rain, during the process of drying, affords a kelp of inferior quality. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to keep the weed as much as possible free from rain. For this purpose, many employ sheds; when these are not at hand, the weed, which has been laid out to dry, should be collected into one heap during the rain; when this ceases, it should again be immediately spread out. It has often been matter of dispute, how old the plants should be before they be cut. In general three years is the time allotted. This, however, from some trials which have been made to ascertain this point, seems to be too long. From experiments, it appears, that the produce of kelp, from one ton of three years old weed, is only eight pounds more than that from the same quantity of two years old; from this we would conclude, that the weed ought to be cut every two years.

So great a value is set upon this plant by the inhabitants, that they roll fragments of rocks and huge stones into the sea to increase the growth of it. Its medical virtues have been much celebrated by Dr. Russel, in his dissertation concerning the use of sea water in the diseases of the glands. He found the saponaceous liquor, or mucus, in the vesicles of this plant, to be an excellent resolvent, extremely serviceable in dispersing all scorbutic and scrofulous swellings of the glands. He recommends the patient to rub the tumor with these vesicles bruised in his hand, till the mucus has thoroughly penetrated the part, and afterwards to wash with sea water. Or to gather 2 lbs. of the tumid vesicles, in July, when they are full of mucus, and infuse them in a quart of sea-water, in a glass vessel, for fifteen days, when the liquor will have acquired nearly the consistency of honey. Then strain it off through a linen cloth, and rub this liquor, three or four times a day, upon any hard scrofulous swellings, washing the parts afterwards with sea water, and nothing can be more efficacious to disperse them. Even scirrhosities, he says, in women's breasts, have been dispelled by this treatment. By calcining the plant in the open air, he made a very black salt powder, which he called vegetable Æthiops; a medicine much used as a resolvent and deobstruent, and recommended also as an excellent dentifrice to correct the scorbutic laxity of the gums, and take off the foulness of the teeth.

FUDDLE, v. a. & v. n. A frequentative of

Swed. full: whence Scotch, full, fou. To make drunk; to drink to excess.

Men will be whoring and fuddling on still.

L'Estrange.

The table floating round, And pavement faithless to the fuddled feet. Thomson. FUEGO, FOGO, or St. Philip's, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic, so named from its volcano, and from its having been discovered on St. Philip's day. It is fifteen miles long, and is much higher than any of the rest; seeming at sea to be one single mountain, though on the sides there are deep valleys. There is a volcano at the top which burns continually, and may be seen a great way off. It throws out huge pieces of rocks to a vast height, and torrents of melted lava run down its sides. The Portuguese, who first inhabited it, brought negro slaves with them, and a stock of cows, horses, and hogs; but their descendants are not now distinguishable from the negroes, the chief inhabitants being blacks, and of the Romish religion. The interior of the island is little known, but it is reported to suffer much from the want of water, which renders it unfit for the production of any vegetable except water melons, pompions, and fruits of a dry soil. Cotton was formerly raised, but never flourished here. The coast is abrupt and rocky, so that there are only a very few points at which it can be approached. The best road is that of Fonte de Villa, opposite the chief town. Long. 24° 20′ W., lat. 15° o N.

FUEGO, TERRA DEL.

See TERRA DEL FUEGO. FUEGOS, one of the Philippine Islands, about thirty-six miles in circuit; the land rises gradually from the shore to the centre. Long. 123° 26' E., lat. 9° 20′ N

FUEILLEMORTE, n..s. Fr. Also corruptly pronounced and written philomot. Fueillemorte color signifies the color of withered leaves in autumn.

FU'EL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. feu, fire, of Lat. focus. The matter, or aliment, of fire: to feed fire with combustible matter: to store with firing.

This shall be burning and fuel of fire. Isa. ix. 5. This spark will prove a raging fire

If wind and fuel be brought to feed it with.

Shakspeare.

Hare wrecks were in such plenty That there was fuel to have furnished twenty. Byron. Don Juan.

FUENHOA, a city of China, in the province of Pe-Tcheli, celebrated for its extent, and the number of its inhabitants, as well as for the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches. It is situated near the great wall amidst mountains; and has under its jurisdiction two cities of the second, and eight of the third class, and a great number of fortresses, which bar the entrance of China against the Tartars.

FUERTEVENTURA, or FORTAVENTURA, one of the Canary Islands, consisting of two peninsulas, joined by an isthmus twelve miles broad. The soil is fertile, producing wheat, barley, mastic, orchel, dates, olives, and various other fruits; particularly a species of fig-tree, that yields a medicinal balm. It abounds in cattle and goats; 50,000 kids have been bred here annually. Long. 14° 32′ W., lat. 28° 4' N. FUGA CITY, n. s. Lat. fugar. VolaFUGA'CIOUS, adj. tile: the quality of flyFUGA'CIOUSNESS, n. s.) ing away: uncertainty; instability.

Spirits and salts, which, by their fugacity, colour, smell, taste, and divers experiments that I purposely made to examine them, were like the salt and spirit of urine and soot. Boyle.

FUGALIA, in Roman antiquity, a feast supposed by some to be the same with the regifugium, held on the 24th of February, in memory of the expulsion of the kings, and the abolition of monarchy. Others think that the fugalia was the same with poplifugia, or the feast of Fugia, the goddess of joy, occasioned by the rout of an enemy; which was the reason the people abandoned themselves to riot and debauchery.

FUGH, interj. Perhaps from Gr. pïv. An expression of abhorrence. Commonly foh.

A very filthy fellow: how odiously he smells of his country garlick! fugh, how he stinks of Spain! Dryden's Don Sebastian. FUGITIVE, adj. & n. s. Į Fr. fugitif; Lat. FUGITIVENESS, n. s. fugitivus. Not tenable; not to be held or detained; unsteady; evanescent; volatile; apt to fly away: a wanderer; a runagate; a vagabond: one hard to be caught, or detained: volatility; fugacity.

Whilst yet with Parthian blood thy sword is warm, The fugitive Parthians follow.

Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are of

that condition.

Bacon.

Happiness, object of that waking dream,

Which we call life, mistaking: fugitive theme
Of my pursuing verse, ideal shade,
National good, by fancy only made.

Locke.

The more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves, of many of the more sturdy vegetables, fall off for want of the supply from beneath: those only which are more tenacious, making a shift to subsist without such recruit. Woodward's Natural History.

Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself, while her Clarissa. parents are in tears? What muse but his can Nature's beauties hit. Or catch that airy fugitive, called Wit?

I cannot find my hero: he is mixed With the heroic crowd that now pursue The fugitives, or battle with the desperate.

Harte.

Byron. Deformed Transformed FUGITIVE PIECES, in literature, essays, poems, or other short compositions, inserted in newspapers, magazines, or the like periodical publications; or printed on loose sheets, or half sheets; so called, because easily lost and scon forgotten.

FUGUE, n. s. From Fr. and Lat. juga. music, some point consisting of four, five, six, or any other number of notes begun by some one single part, and then seconded by a third, fourth. fifth, and sixth part, if the composition consists of so many; repeating the same, or such like notes, so that the several parts follow, or come in one after another in the same manner, the leading parts still flying before those that follow. Harris.

The reports and fugues have an agreement with the figures in rhetorick of repetition and traduction. Bacon's Natural Hist.

His volant touch
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled, and pursued transverse the resonant fugue.

The skilful organist plies bis grave and fanciec descant in lofty fugues. Id. on Education. Long has a race of heroes filled the stage, That rant by note, and through the gainut rage; In songs and airs express their martial fire, Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire. Addiwa. A FUGUE is a piece of music sometimes longe and sometimes shorter, in which, agreeably to the rules of harmony and modulation, the composer treats a subject; or, in other words, what expresses the capital thought or sentiment of the piece, in causing it to pass successively and alternately from one part to another. Some are peculiar to itself; and others common to it with what the French call imitation. 1. The subject proceeds from the tonic to the dominant, or from the dominant to the tonic, in rising or descending. 2. Every fugue finds its response in the part immediately following that which commenced. 3. That response ought to resume the subject in the interval of a fourth or fifth above or below

the key, and to pursue it as exactly as the laws of harmony will admit; proceeding from the dominant to the tonic when the subject is introduced from the tonic to the dominant, and mov