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site of the dwelling-house, it may be remarked, that, although a house being situate in the middle of a regular front is, in some points of view, the most pleasing way, and in many situations perhaps the best, yet, unless the ground and other circumstances in every respect favor such a disposition, it should not invariably be adhered to; for it may often happen, that a much better situation for the dwelling-house may be obtained at a little distance from the offices, a pleasing uniformity be observed in them at the same time, and the house be more healthy and agreeable. In some cases, and for some kinds of farms, it may be particularly necessary to have the house so placed, in respect to the offices and farm-yard, as to admit of their being constantly inspected, and the labor that is to be performed in them at tended to and overlooked.

The requisites of a farmstead,' says Mr. Marshall, are as various as the intentions of farms. A sheep-farm, a grazing-farm, a hay-farm, a dairy-farm, and one under mixed cultivation, may require different situations, and different arrangements of yards and buildings. On a farm of the last species, which may be considered as the ordinary farm of this kingdom, the principal requisites are shelter, water, an area or site sufficiently flat for yards and buildings; with meadow land below it, to receive the washings of the yards; as well as sound pasture grounds above it for a grass-yard and paddocks; with private roads nearly on a level to the principal arable lands; and with suitable outlets to the nearest or best markets.'

ticular building be attempted to be laid. It may: he adds, be conceived by a person who has not turned his attention to this subject, that there must be some simple, obvious, and fixed plan to proceed upon. But seeing the endless variety in the mere dwelling-places of men, it is not to be wondered at if a still greater variety of plans should take place where so many appurtenances are required, and these on sites so infinitely various; nor that men's opinions and practices should differ so much on the subject, that on a given site, no two practical men, it is more than probable, would make the same arrangement.' There are, however,' he says, 'certain principles which no artist ought to lose sight of in laying out such buildings and conveniences. The barns, the stables, and the granary, should be under the eye, should be readily seen from the dwellinghouse. The prevailing idea, at present, is, that the several buildings ought to form a regular figure, and enclose an area or farm-yard, either as a fold for loose cattle, or, where the stalling of cattle is practised, as a receptacle for dung, and the most prevailing figure is the square. But this form is, he thinks, more defective than the oval or circle, the angles being too sharp, and the corners too deep. Besides, the roadway, recessary to be carried round a farm-yard in order to have a free and easy passage between the different buildings, is inconveniently lengthened or made at greater expense. The view of the whole yard and buildings from the house, on one side of it, is likewise more confined.' He on the whole prefers the complete octagon, the dwellinghouse a being on one side, and the entrance gateway and granary opposite; the remaining six sides being occupied by stables and cattle-sheds, and other out-buildings, c, d, e, a barn and threshing machine, f, with a broad-way, dipping gently from the buildings, g, and surrounding a wide shallow dung-basin, h, which occupy the rest of the area of the yard. Externally is a basin for the drainings of the yard, i; and grass enclosures for calves, poultry, fruit trees, and rick-yard.

For a mixed husbandry farm, the particulars, to be arranged, according to Marshall, are thus enumerated; 1. A suit of buildings, adapted to the intended plan of management; as a dwelling-house, barns, stables, cattle-sheds, cart-shed. 2. A spacious yard, common to the buildings, and containing a receptacle of stall-manure, whether arising from stables, cattle-sheds, hogstyes, or other buildings; together with separate folds, or straw-yards, furnished with appropriate sheds, for particular stock, in places where such are required. 3. A reservoir, or catchpool, situated on the lower side of the buildings and yards, to receive their washings, and collect them in a body for the purpose of irrigating the lands below them. 4. A corn yard, convenient to the barns; and a hay-yard contiguous to the cow or fatting-sheds. 5. A garden and fruit ground near the house. 6. A spacious grass-yard or green, embracing the whole or principal part of the conveniences; as an occasional receptacle for stock of every kind; as a common pasture for swine, and a range for poultry; as a security to the fields from stock straying out of the inner yards; and as an ante-field or lobby, out of which the home grounds and driftways may be conveniently entered. An accurate delineation of the site which is fixed on, requires,' he observes, 'to be drawn out on a scale; the plannist studying the subject, alternately, upon the paper, and on the ground to be laid out; continuing to sketch and correct his plan, until he has not a doubt left on his mind; and then to mark out the whole upon the ground, in a conspicuous and permanent manner, before the foundation of any par

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The following plan of the arrangement of a small farm-house and offices, which he considers very convenient, is given by Beatson. At the north-west corner is the barn (1), with a water threshing-mill; a straw-house (2), being a continuation of the barn above, for holding a quantity of straw after it is threshed, or hay, that it may be at hand to give to the cattle in the feeding-house below. The upper part of this

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A court for the dung-hill (3) has a door to it
from the feeding-house, and a large entry at the
other end to admit carts to take away the dung:
on the outside of this should be a urine-pit, in
the most convenient place, according to the form
of the ground; a cow-house (4) has a door also
to the dung-court; and a calf-pen (5) with a
rail across to keep in the calves, even though the
doors are all open, adjoins; there is a stable,
with a harness-room, and a place for keeping
corn (6); a root-house (7), over which, or over
the barn, may be a granary; a shed for carts (8);
a place for keeping large implements, as ploughs
and harrows (9); for keeping smaller imple-
ments, as spades, shovels, rakes, forks, &c., and
for laying by old iron and many other useful
things that might otherwise be lost or thrown
away (10); a pond for washing the horses' feet
(11); which slopes down from each extremity
towards the middle, where it is deepest, that the
horses may easily go in at one end, and come
out at the other, with a rail at each end, to prevent
their going in during frost, or when not wanted
to go; a pump, with a trough for the horses or
cattle to drink in, especially while other water is
frozen, or when the water in the pond is dirty
(12); but, if it can be contrived so that the water
which drives the mill may run through this pond,
it will be preferable as being at all times clean
and wholesome. One advantage of this arrange-
ment, as Beatson remarks, is, that the fodder con-
sumed upon the farm goes progressively forward
from the barn-yard through the cattle-houses to the
dung-hill, without the unnecessary labor generally
occasioned by carrying it backwards and forwards.
For it comes from the barn-yard into the barn,
where it is threshed; it is then put in the straw-
house, and given to the cattle immediately
below; and after passing through them, it is

VOL. IX.

thrown into the dung-court. A rick of straw, or hay, built behind the stable or cow-house, or in a shed contiguous to either, with proper conveniences, will have the same progressive course to the dung-hill; for, it will be observed, the communication from these is equally easy from without or within; the rail across the calf-pen being intended chiefly to keep in the calves, while the doors on each side are open when conveying the dung that way from the stable to the dung-hill.

The ground floor of the dwelling-house to this farmery (13), has a dairy, pantry, and various conveniences behind for keeping swine, poultry, coals, &c. The stair to the upper chambers rises from either side to the same landing-place; from whence are a few steps up to the chamberfloor.

The following diagrams represent the elevation, and two ground plans, of a farm-house on a large scale, and which might be extended to any size. The ground plan, fig. 2, is divided into a, the principal entry; o, the parlour; c, the family bed-room; d, the kitchen; e, the dairy; f, the pantry and cellar; the three latter being attached to the back part of the house by a continuation of the same roof downwards. permitting the ceilings to be seven and a half or eight feet in height, some small bed rooms may be provided above them, having a few steps down from the floor of the front rooms, or a few steps up from the first landing place.

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the back door of the kitchen enters into a brewhouse and wash-house; the fire place and copper being behind the kitchen vent. Beyond this brew-house is a place for holding fire-wood, &c.; In the back walls of which are openings to feed the swine at. In the kitchen is an oven; and below the grate an excellent contrivance for baking occasionally, but chiefly employed for the purpose of keeping the servants' meat warm. It consists of a plate of cast iron, with a door similar to that of an oven. The up-stairs part is divided in the front into two good rooms, and into two small ones on the back part, but may be easily subdivided where necessary.

Fig. 3 exhibits another mode of dividing the ground floor, in which a is the parlour; b, the kitchen; c, the closet; d, the dairy; e, the pantry; f, the coal-house; g, the poultry-house; h, the pig-sty, which has an opening into the kitchen; i, the back entry. The chamber-floor may be divided likewise, where it is requisite, into two good bed-rooms, and a light closet ca

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Names of Men and Horses. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Frid. Sat. No. of Days. Rate per Day.

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Daily Laborers

Farm Servants

Horses

Task Work

Work by Tradesmen

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Milk.

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Milked
Made into
Butter and
Cheese
Consumed

Made

DAIRY ACCOUNT OF MILK, BUTTER, CHEESE.

Sunday. Mon. Tues Wed. Thurs. Friday. Sat. Total price. Amount.
Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts. Qts. Pts.

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Cheese.

Butter.

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